tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-26984566496594254712024-03-05T23:39:16.913-08:00milotis78allenwoowhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07230305915382288768noreply@blogger.comBlogger236125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2698456649659425471.post-54600232109403841652009-04-10T00:14:00.001-07:002009-04-10T00:14:55.232-07:00Haruhi SuzumiyaHaruhi Suzumiya is the title character of the Haruhi Suzumiya series, created by Nagaru Tanigawa and developed into a media franchise. First introduced in the light novels, which were then adapted into two manga and an anime series, with a forthcoming sequel, she is the main focus of the series. In an interview with Tanigawa, he stated that the idea for her character came during a sleepless night at the beginning of the 21st century.<br /><br />In the beginning of the story, she is initially shown as anti-social and displayed various personality quirks, but as the series progressed, she became more open with her emotions, whilst still remaining highly active. She became the founder of, and recruiter for, the SOS Brigade, forcibly enlisting Kyon, Yuki Nagato (the only member of the Literature Club), Mikuru Asahina, and Itsuki Koizumi. She is responsible for organizing most of their activities as a group.<br /><br />Unknown to her, she has the power to change, destroy, or create a new reality based on her inner desires and feelings. She is described in various ways; Yuki states that she has 'the potential for auto-evolution', Mikuru believes that she is the originator of a large time-quake and finally Itsuki declares her to be 'God'. Due to this, she is the main focus of the Integrated Data Entity, the Organization, and an organization of future humans.allenwoowhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07230305915382288768noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2698456649659425471.post-13564890642312958442008-05-02T09:09:00.001-07:002008-05-02T09:09:51.981-07:00<img src="http://www.soundcenter.it/images/web9--lyra-P1010023.jpg" alt="Etruscan language" align="center" style="padding:10px" /> <b> History of Etruscan literacy</b><br /> Inscriptions have been found in north-west and west-central <span href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</span>, in the region that even now bears the name of the <span href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</span>, <span href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</span> (from Latin <i>tusc<span title="Pronunciation in IPA" class="IPA">ī</span></i> "Etruscans"), as well as in today's <span href="/wiki/Latium" title="Latium">Latium</span> north of Rome, in today's <span href="/wiki/Umbria" title="Umbria">Umbria</span> west of the <span href="/wiki/Tiber" title="Tiber">Tiber</span>, around <span href="/wiki/Capua" title="Capua">Capua</span> in <span href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</span> and in the <span href="/wiki/Po" title="Po">Po</span> valley to the north of Etruria. Presumably this range is a maximum Italian homeland where the language was at one time spoken.<br /> Outside of Italy inscriptions have been found in <span href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</span>, <span href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</span>, <span href="/wiki/Elba" title="Elba">Elba</span>, <span href="/wiki/Gallia_Narbonensis" title="Gallia Narbonensis">Gallia Narbonensis</span>, <span href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</span>, the <span href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</span> and the <span href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</span>. By far the greatest concentration is in Italy.<br /> A Etruscan inscription found on Lemnos in 1886, which is in an alphabet practically identical.<br /> <span name="Classification" id="Classification"></span><br /> <b> Geographic distribution</b><br /> The majority consensus is that Etruscan is related only to other members of what is called the <span href="/wiki/Tyrsenian_languages" title="Tyrsenian languages">Tyrsenian language family</span> which in itself is <span href="/wiki/Isolate" title="Isolate">isolate</span>, that is, unrelated to other language groups by any known relationship. Since Rix (1998) it is widely accepted that Tyrsenian is composed of <span href="/wiki/Rhaetic" title="Rhaetic">Rhaetic</span> and <span href="/wiki/Lemnian" title="Lemnian">Lemnian</span> together with Etruscan.<br /> In the <span href="/wiki/1st_century_BC" title="1st century BC">1st century BC</span> the Greek historian <span href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</span> stated that the Etruscan language was unlike any other.<br /> <span name="Speculative_relationships" id="Speculative_relationships"></span><br /> <b> Classification</b><br /> The Etruscan language has been difficult to analyze, which is attributable to its being an isolate. The <span href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</span> is known through the alternation of Greek and Etruscan letters in some inscriptions (for example, the <span href="/wiki/Iguvine_Tables" title="Iguvine Tables">Iguvine Tables</span>), and many individual words are known through loans into or from <span href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</span> and <span href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</span>, as well as explanations of Etruscan words by ancient authors. A few concepts of word formation have been formulated (see below). Knowledge of the language is incomplete.<br /> Speculators nevertheless continue to compare known languages to Etruscan searching for a pattern match. Speculative decipherments utilize partial pattern matches. The key follows the formula: "Etruscan is really a form of X" where X is the known language or language group. None of these have found general academic credibility.<br /> <span name="Semitic_hypothesis" id="Semitic_hypothesis"></span><br /> <b> Speculative relationships</b><br /> The interest in Etruscan antiquities and the mysterious Etruscan language found its modern origin in a book by a Dominican monk, <span href="/wiki/Annio_da_Viterbo" title="Annio da Viterbo">Annio da Viterbo</span>, called "il Pastura", the <span href="/wiki/Cabalist" title="Cabalist">cabalist</span> and <span href="/wiki/Orientalist" title="Orientalist">orientalist</span> who guided <span href="/wiki/Pinturicchio" title="Pinturicchio">Pinturicchio</span>'s allegorical frescoes for <span href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</span>'s Vatican apartments. In 1498 Annio published his antiquarian miscellany titled <i>Antiquitatum variarum</i> (in 17 volumes) where he put together a fantastic theory in which both the Hebrew and Etruscan languages were said to originate from a single source, the "Aramaic" spoken by Noah and his descendants, founders of Etruscan <span href="/wiki/Viterbo" title="Viterbo">Viterbo</span>. Annio also started to excavate Etruscan tombs, unearthing sarcophagi and inscriptions, and made a bold attempt at deciphering the Etruscan language.<br /> <span name="Hungarian_hypothesis" id="Hungarian_hypothesis"></span><br /> <b> Semitic hypothesis</b><br /> A recent (2003) study by linguist <span href="/wiki/Mario_Alinei" title="Mario Alinei">Mario Alinei</span> has proposed the idea that Etruscan may have been an archaic form of <span href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</span>. Alinei's theory is based on similarities between certain words (magistrature names), agglutination, vowel harmony, construction of personal pronouns when used together with prepositions, etc. This theory has not been widely accepted in academic circles, and it has been rejected by practically all specialists of <span href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</span> <span href="/wiki/Comparative_linguistics" title="Comparative linguistics">comparative linguistics</span>. Critics accuse Alinei's work of being the product of <span href="/wiki/Mass_lexical_comparison" title="Mass lexical comparison">mass comparison</span>, a methodology that is not accepted by comparative linguists.<br /> <span name="Indo-European_hypothesis" id="Indo-European_hypothesis"></span><br /> <b> Hungarian hypothesis</b><br /> In 1861 Robert Ellis proposed that Etruscan was related to Armenian, assert that the Tyrsenian family is distantly related to the <span href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</span> family. Proponents of this hypothesis put together similarities of phonetics, vocabulary and syntax that they see.<br /> <span name="Luvian" id="Luvian"></span><br /> <b> Indo-European hypothesis</b><br /> Frederik Woudhuizen has developed a theory that the Tyrsenians came from <span href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</span>, including <span href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</span>, when they were driven out by the <span href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</span> in the early Iron Age, 750-675 BC, leaving some colonists on <span href="/wiki/Lemnos" title="Lemnos">Lemnos</span>. He makes a number of comparisons of Etruscan to <span href="/wiki/Luvian" title="Luvian">Luvian</span> and asserts that Etruscan is modified Luvian. He accounts for the non-Luvian features as a <span href="/wiki/Mysia" title="Mysia">Mysian</span> influence: "deviations from Luwian ... may plausibly be ascribed to the dialect of the indigenous population of Mysia." According to Woudhuizen, the Etruscans were colonizing the Latins and the Villanovan and all preceding cultures were <span href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</span>. The Etruscans brought the alphabet from Anatolia. Dionysius of Halicarnassus was right for his time, but the Iron Age inhabitants of <span href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</span> were Luvian.<br /> <span name="Writing_system" id="Writing_system"></span><br /> <b> Luvian</b><br /> Etruscan words have been successfully explained from the resources of the <span href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</span>, the <span href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</span>, and the Rhaeto-Romansch languages. <br /> <span name="Alphabet" id="Alphabet"></span><br /> <b> Writing system</b><br /> The <span href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</span> that is used in English owes its existence to the Etruscan writing system, which was adapted for Latin in the form of the <span href="/wiki/Old_Italic_alphabet" title="Old Italic alphabet">Old Italic alphabet</span>. The <span href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan alphabet</span><br /> <span name="Text" id="Text"></span><br /> <b> Alphabet</b><br /> Writing was from right to left except in archaic inscriptions, which might use <span href="/wiki/Boustrophedon" title="Boustrophedon">boustrophedon</span>. A local variant at <span href="/wiki/Cerveteri" title="Cerveteri">Cerveteri</span> used left to right. In the earliest inscriptions the words are continuous; from the 6th century they are separated by a dot or a colon, which might also separate syllables. Writing was phonetic; the letters represented the sounds and not conventional spellings. On the other hand, many inscriptions are highly abbreviated and often casually formed, so that the identification of many individual letters is in doubt among specialists. Spelling might vary from city to city, probably reflecting differences of pronunciation.<br /> <span name="Impossible_consonants" id="Impossible_consonants"></span><br /> <b> Text</b><br /> Speech featured a heavy stress on the first syllable of a word, causing <span href="/wiki/Syncope" title="Syncope">syncopation</span> by weakening of the remaining vowels, which then were not represented in writing: Alcsntre for Alexandros, Rasna for Rasena. regarded this variation in vowels as "instability in the quality of vowels" and accounted for the second phase (e.g., Herecele) as "<span href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</span>, i.e., of the assimilation of vowels in neighboring syllables ...."<br /> <span name="Phases" id="Phases"></span><br /> <b> Impossible consonants</b><br /> The writing system had two historical phases: the archaic, 7th to 5th century BC, which used the early Greek alphabet, and the later, 4th to 1st century BC, which modified some of the letters. In the later period syncopation increased.<br /> The alphabet went on in modified form after the language disappeared. In addition to being the source of the Roman alphabet, it has been suggested that it passed northward into <span href="/wiki/Venetic" title="Venetic">Venetic</span> and from there through <span href="/wiki/Raetia" title="Raetia">Raetia</span> into the <span href="/wiki/Germanic" title="Germanic">Germanic</span> lands, where it became the <span href="/wiki/Runic_alphabet" title="Runic alphabet">Futhark</span>, a system of <span href="/wiki/Runes" title="Runes">runes</span>.<br /> <span name="The_media" id="The_media"></span><br /> <b> Phases</b><br /> <span name="Bilinguals" id="Bilinguals"></span><br /> <b> The media</b><br /> The <span href="/wiki/Pyrgi_Tablets" title="Pyrgi Tablets">Pyrgi Tablets</span> are a bilingual text in Etruscan and <span href="/wiki/Phoenician_language" title="Phoenician language">Phoenician</span> engraved on three gold leaves, one for the Phoenician and two for the Etruscan. The Etruscan is in 16 lines, 37 words. The date is roughly 500 BC.<br /> <span name="Longer_texts" id="Longer_texts"></span><br /> <b> Bilinguals</b><br /> According to Rix and his collaborators only two unified (though fragmentary) texts are available in Etruscan:<br /> Some additional longer texts are:<br /> <span name="Inscriptions_on_monuments" id="Inscriptions_on_monuments"></span><br /> The <i><span href="/wiki/Liber_Linteus" title="Liber Linteus">Liber Linteus</span></i> used for mummy wrappings (now at <span href="/wiki/Zagreb%2C_Croatia" title="Zagreb, Croatia">Zagreb, Croatia</span>). Roughly 1200 words of readable text, mainly repetitious prayers yielding about 50 lexical items. about 40 legible words having to do with ritual fomulae. Dated to about 500 BC.<br /> The <span href="/wiki/Cippus_Perusinus" title="Cippus Perusinus">Cippus Perusinus</span>, a stone slab (cippus) found at <span href="/wiki/Perugia" title="Perugia">Perugia</span>. Contains 46 lines, 130 words.<br /> The <span href="/wiki/Tabula_Cortonensis" title="Tabula Cortonensis">Tabula Cortonensis</span>, a bronze tablet from <span href="/wiki/Cortona" title="Cortona">Cortona</span> recording a legal contract. About 200 words.<br /> The <span href="/wiki/Piacenza_Liver" title="Piacenza Liver">Piacenza Liver</span>, a bronze model of a sheep's liver representing the sky, with the engraved names of the gods ruling different sections. <b> Longer texts</b><br /> The main material repository of <span href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan civilization</span> is or was its tombs. Public and private buildings were dismantled and the stone reused centuries ago. The tombs remain as they were except for the ravages of time and the activities of plunderers. More tombs continue to be found regularly.<br /> The tombs are the main source of portables in collections throughout the world, provenience unknown. The Etruscans lived well and valued art. Their objets d'art are of incalculable value, causing a brisk black market and equally brisk law enforcement effort. It is against the law to remove objects from Etruscan tombs unless authorized by the Italian government.<br /> The total number of tombs is unknown due to the magnitide of the task of cataloging them. They are of many different types. Especially fruitful are the <span href="/wiki/Hypogeum" title="Hypogeum">hypogeal</span> or "underground" chamber or system of chambers cut into <span href="/wiki/Tufa" title="Tufa">tufa</span> and covered by a <span href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">tumulus</span>. The interior of the tomb represents a habitation of the living stocked with furniture and favorite objects. The walls may display painted <span href="/wiki/Mural" title="Mural">murals</span>, the predecessor of wallpaper. Tombs are identified as Etruscan dating form the <span href="/wiki/Villanovan" title="Villanovan">Villanovan</span> period to about 100 BC, when presumably the cemeteries were abandoned in favor of Roman ones.<br /> Inner walls and doors of tombs and sarcophagi.<br /> Engraved steles (tombstones)<br /> <span href="/wiki/Ossuary" title="Ossuary">ossuaries</span> <b> Inscriptions on monuments</b><br /> <span name="Votives" id="Votives"></span><br /> <b> Inscriptions on portable objects</b><br /> <span href="/wiki/Votive_offering" title="Votive offering">Votive gifts</span><br /> <span name="Specula" id="Specula"></span><br /> <b> Votives</b><br /> A speculum is a circular or oval hand-mirror used predominantly by Etruscan women. Speculum is Latin; the Etruscan word is malena or malstria. Specula were cast in <span href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</span> as one piece or with a tang into which a wooden, bone or ivory handle fit. The reflecting surface was created by polishing the flat side. A higher percentage of tin in the mirror improved its ability to reflect. The other side was convex and featured <span href="/wiki/Intaglio" title="Intaglio">intaglio</span> or <span href="/wiki/Cameo" title="Cameo">cameo</span> scenes from mythology. The piece was generally ornate.<br /> <span name="Cistae" id="Cistae"></span><br /> <b> Specula</b><br /> A cista is a bronze container of circular, ovoid or more rarely rectangular shape used by women for the storage of sundries. They are ornate, often with feet and lids to which figurines may be attached. The internal and external surfaces bear carefully crafted scenes usually from mythology, usually <span href="/wiki/Intaglio" title="Intaglio">intaglio</span>, rarely part intaglio, part <span href="/wiki/Cameo" title="Cameo">cameo</span>.<br /> Cistae date from the <span href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</span> of the 4th and 3rd centuries BC in Etruscan contexts. They may bear various short inscriptions concerning the manufacturer or owner or subject matter. The writing may be <span href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</span>, Etruscan or both.<br /> Excavations at <span href="/wiki/Palestrina" title="Palestrina">Praeneste</span>, an Etruscan city turned Roman, turned up about 118 cistae, one of which has been termed "the Praeneste cista" or "the Ficoroni cista" by art analysts, with special reference to the one manufactured by Novios Plutius and given by Dindia Macolnia to her daughter, as the archaic Latin inscription says. All of them are more accurately termed "the Praenestine cistae."<br /> <span name="Rings_and_ringstones" id="Rings_and_ringstones"></span><br /> <b> Cistae</b><br /> Among the most plunderable portables from the Etruscan tombs of <span href="/wiki/Etruria" title="Etruria">Etruria</span> are the finely engraved <span href="/wiki/Gemstones" title="Gemstones">gemstones</span> set in patterned gold to form circular or ovoid pieces intended to go on finger rings. Of the magnitude of one <span href="/wiki/Centimeter" title="Centimeter">centimeter</span>, they are dated to the Etruscan floruit from the 2nd half of the 6th to the 1st centuries BC. The two main theories of manufacture are native Etruscan<br /> The materials are mainly dark red <span href="/wiki/Cornelian" title="Cornelian">cornelian</span> with <span href="/wiki/Agate" title="Agate">agate</span> and <span href="/wiki/Sard" title="Sard">sard</span> coming in from the 3rd to the 1st centuries BC along with purely gold finger rings of a hollow engraved <span href="/wiki/Bezel" title="Bezel">bezel</span>. The engravings, mainly <span href="/wiki/Cameo" title="Cameo">cameo</span>, but sometimes <span href="/wiki/Intaglio" title="Intaglio">intaglio</span>, depict <span href="/wiki/Dung_beetle" title="Dung beetle">scarabs</span> at first and then scenes from Greek mythology, often with heroic personages called out in Etruscan. The gold setting of the bezel bears a border design, such as cabling.<br /> <span name="Coins" id="Coins"></span><br /> <b> Rings and ringstones</b><br /> Etruscan-minted coins date ca. 500-200 BC. Use of the Euboïc-Syracusan standard, based on the silver litra of 13.5 grams maximum, indicates the custom, like the alphabet, came from Greece. Roman coinage supplanted Etruscan, but the basic Roman coin, the <span href="/wiki/Sesterce" title="Sesterce">sesterce</span>, is believed to have been based on the 2.5 denomination Etruscan coin. Etruscan coins have turned up in caches or individually in tombs and in excavations seemingly at random, concentrated, of course, in <span href="/wiki/Etruria" title="Etruria">Etruria</span>.<br /> Etruscan coins were in gold, silver and bronze, the gold and silver usually having been struck on one side only. The coin bore a denomination, a minting authority name, and a <span href="/wiki/Cameo" title="Cameo">cameo</span> motif. Gold denominations were in units of silver; silver, in units of bronze. Full or abbreviated names are mainly pupluna (<span href="/wiki/Populonia" title="Populonia">Populonia</span>), Vatl or Veltuna (<span href="/wiki/Vetulonia" title="Vetulonia">Vetulonia</span>), Velathri (<span href="/wiki/Volaterrae" title="Volaterrae">Volaterrae</span>), Velzu or Velznani (Volsinii) and Cha for Chamars (<span href="/wiki/Camars" title="Camars">Camars</span>). Insignia are mainly heads of mythological characters or depictions of mythological beasts arranged in a symbolic motif: <span href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</span>, <span href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</span>, <span href="/wiki/Janus" title="Janus">Janus</span>, <span href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</span>, <span href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</span>, <span href="/wiki/Griffin" title="Griffin">griffin</span>, <span href="/wiki/Gorgon" title="Gorgon">gorgon</span>, <span href="/wiki/Sphinx" title="Sphinx">sphinx</span>, <span href="/wiki/Hippocamp" title="Hippocamp">hippocamp</span>, bull, snake, eagle, etc.<br /> <span name="Recent_discoveries" id="Recent_discoveries"></span><br /> <b> Coins</b><br /> A book of gold sheets bound with gold rings went on display in May 2003 at the National History Museum in <span href="/wiki/Sofia%2C_Bulgaria" title="Sofia, Bulgaria">Sofia, Bulgaria</span>. It consists of six bound sheets of 24-<span href="/wiki/Carat_%28purity%29" title="Carat (purity)">carat</span> (100%) gold, with low-reliefs of a horseman, a <span href="/wiki/Mermaid" title="Mermaid">mermaid</span>, a harp and soldiers, with text. It was claimed to have been discovered about 1940 in a tomb uncovered during digging for a canal along the <span href="/wiki/Strouma" title="Strouma">Strouma</span> river in south-western Bulgaria, kept secretly and anonymously donated by its 87-year-old owner, living in Macedonia.<br /> <span name="Sounds" id="Sounds"></span><br /> <b> Recent discoveries</b><br /> In the tables below, conventional letters used for transliterating Etruscan are accompanied by likely pronunciation in <span href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</span> symbols within the square brackets, followed by examples of the early <span href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan alphabet</span> which would have corresponded to these sounds:<br /> <span name="Vowels" id="Vowels"></span><br /> <b> Sounds</b><br /> The Etruscan <span href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel system</span> consisted of four distinct vowels. Vowels "o" and "u" appear to have not been phonetically distinguished based on the nature of the writing system where only one symbol is used to cover both in loans from <span href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</span> (e.g. Greek <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κώθων</span> <i>kōthōn</i> > Etruscan <i>qutun</i> "pitcher").<br /> <span name="Consonants" id="Consonants"></span><br /> <b> Vowels</b><br /> <span name="Table_of_consonants" id="Table_of_consonants"></span><br /> <b> Consonants</b><br /> <span name="Voiced_stops_missing" id="Voiced_stops_missing"></span><br /> <b> Table of consonants</b><br /> The Etruscan consonant system primarily distinguished between aspirated and non-aspirated stops. Voiced stops such as English "b", "d" or "g" were non-distinct from [p], [t] and [k], respectively. When words were borrowed that had voiced stops, the stops were unvoiced: Greek thriambos to Latin triumpus and triumphus through Etruscan.<br /> <span name="Syllabic_theory" id="Syllabic_theory"></span><br /> <b> Voiced stops missing</b><br /> Based on standard spellings by Etruscan scribes that appear otherwise to lack vowels or that have strings of clusters that as they occur seem phonetically impossible to pronounce, as seen in words like <i>cl</i> "of this (gen.)" and <i>lautn</i> "freeman", it is likely that "m", "n", "l" and "r" were sometimes written for syllabic <span href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">resonants</span>. Thus <i>cl</i> /<span title="Pronunciation in IPA" class="IPA">kl̩</span>/ and <i>lautn</i> /<span title="Pronunciation in IPA" class="IPA">'lɑwtn̩</span>/.<br /> Rix postulates several syllabic consonants, namely <span title="Pronunciation in IPA" class="IPA">/l, r, m, n/</span> and palatal <span title="Pronunciation in IPA" class="IPA">/lʲ, rʲ, nʲ/</span> as well as a labiovelar spirant <span title="Pronunciation in IPA" class="IPA">/xʷ/</span> and some scholars such as <span href="/wiki/Mauro_Cristofani" title="Mauro Cristofani">Mauro Cristofani</span> also view the aspirates as palatal rather than aspirated but these views are not shared by most Etruscologists. Rix supports his theories by means of variant spellings such as amφare/amφiare, larθal/larθial, aranθ/aranθiia.<br /> <span name="Word_formation" id="Word_formation"></span><br /> <b> Syllabic theory</b><br /> Etruscan was <span href="/wiki/Inflected_language" title="Inflected language">inflected</span>, varying the endings of <span href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">nouns</span>, <span href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronouns</span> and <span href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verbs</span>. It also had <span href="/wiki/Adjectives" title="Adjectives">adjectives</span>, <span href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">adverbs</span> and <span href="/wiki/Conjunctions" title="Conjunctions">conjunctions</span>, which were uninflected.<br /> <span name="Nouns" id="Nouns"></span><br /> <b> Word formation</b><br /> Etruscan substantives had five cases, a singular and a plural. All five cases are not attested for every word. Nouns merge the nominative and accusative; pronouns do not generally. Gender appears in personal names (masculine and feminine) and in pronouns (animate, or either masculine and feminine, and inanimate or neuter); otherwise, it is not marked.<br /> <span name="Pronouns" id="Pronouns"></span><br /> <b> Nouns</b><br /> Personal pronouns refer to persons; demonstrative point out: English this, that.<br /> <span name="Personal" id="Personal"></span><br /> <b> Pronouns</b><br /> The first person personal pronoun has a <span href="/wiki/Nominative" title="Nominative">nominative</span> <i>mi</i> ("I") and an <span href="/wiki/Accusative" title="Accusative">accusative</span> <i>mini</i> ("me"). The second person has a <span href="/wiki/Dative" title="Dative">dative</span> singular <i>une</i> ("to thee"), an <span href="/wiki/Accusative" title="Accusative">accusative</span> singular <i>un</i> ("thee") and an <span href="/wiki/Accusative" title="Accusative">accusative</span> plural <i>unu</i> ("you"). The third person has a personal form <i>an</i> ("he" or "she") and an inanimate <i>in</i> ("it").<br /> <span name="Demonstrative" id="Demonstrative"></span><br /> <b> Personal</b><br /> The demonstratives are <i>ca</i> and <i>ta</i> used without distinction. The nominative/accusative singular forms are: <i>ica, eca, ca, ita, ta</i>; the plural: <i>cei, tei</i>. There is a <span href="/wiki/Genitive" title="Genitive">genitive</span> singular: <i>cla, tla, cal</i> and plural <i>clal</i>. The accusative singular: <i>can, cen, cn, ecn, etan, tn</i>; plural <i>cnl</i>. <span href="/wiki/Locative" title="Locative">Locative</span> singular: <i>calti, ceithi, clth(i), eclthi</i>; plural <i>caiti, ceithi</i>.<br /> <span name="Adjectives" id="Adjectives"></span><br /> <b> Demonstrative</b><br /> Though uninflected, adjectives fall into a number of types formed from nouns with a suffix:<br /> <span name="Adverbs" id="Adverbs"></span><br /> quality, -u, -iu or -c: ais/ais-iu, "god/divine"; zamathi/zamthi-c, "gold/golden."<br /> possession or reference, -na, -ne, -ni: pacha/pacha-na, "Bacchus, Bacchic"; laut/laut-ni, "family/familiar" (in the sense of servant)<br /> collective, -cva, -chva, -cve, -chve, -ia: sren/sren-cva: "figure/figured"; etera/etera-ia, "slave/servile" <img src="http://www.turkey-net.com/images/canakkale-truva.gif" alt="Etruscan language" align="right" style="padding:10px" /> <b> Adjectives</b><br /> Adverbs are unmarked: <i>etnam</i>, "again"; <i>thui</i>, "now"; <i>thuni</i>, "at first." Most <span href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</span> adverbs are formed from the oblique cases, which become unproductive and descend to fixed forms. Cases such as the <span href="/wiki/Ablative" title="Ablative">ablative</span> are therefore called "adverbial." If there is any such system in Etruscan it is not obvious from the relatively few surviving adverbs.<br /> <span name="Verbs" id="Verbs"></span><br /> <b> Adverbs</b><br /> Verbs had an <span href="/wiki/Indicative_mood" title="Indicative mood">indicative mood</span> and an <span href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative mood</span>. Tenses were <span href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">present</span> and <span href="/wiki/Past_tense" title="Past tense">past</span>. The past tense had an <span href="/wiki/Active_voice" title="Active voice">Active voice</span> and a <span href="/wiki/Passive_voice" title="Passive voice">Passive voice</span>.<br /> <span name="Present_active" id="Present_active"></span><br /> <b> Verbs</b><br /> Etruscan uses a verbal root with a zero suffix or -a without distinction to number or person: <i>ar, ar-a</i>, "he, she, we, you, they make."<br /> <span name="Past_or_preterite_active" id="Past_or_preterite_active"></span><br /> <b> Present active</b><br /> The -ce or -ke suffix to the root produces a third person singular active, which has been called variously a "past", a "preterite" or an "aorist." In contrast to <span href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</span>, this form is not marked for <span href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspect</span>, nor are the roots, apparently, distinguished for their aspect; they are simply actions that went on in the past. Examples: <i>tur/tur-ce</i>, "gives/gave"; <i>sval/sval-ce</i>, "lives/lived."<br /> <span name="Past_passive" id="Past_passive"></span><br /> <b> Past or preterite active</b><br /> The third person past passive is formed with -che: <i>mena/mena-ce/mena-che</i>, "offers/offered/was offered."<br /> <span name="Vocabulary" id="Vocabulary"></span><br /> <b> Past passive</b><br /> <i>See the <span href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Etruscan_language" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:Etruscan_language">list of Etruscan words</span> and <span href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Etruscan_derivations" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:Etruscan_derivations">list of words of Etruscan origin</span> at <span href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</span>, the free dictionary and Wikipedia's sibling project</i><br /> The Etruscan vocabulary is now a few hundred words known with some certainty. The exact count depends on whether the different forms and the expressions are included. The Wiktionary list referenced above is in alphabetic order. Below is a table of some of the words grouped by topic.<br /> What these numerals show, beyond any shadow of a doubt, is the non-Indo-European nature of the Etruscan language. Basic words like numbers and names of relationships are often similar in the Indo-European languages, for they derive from the same root.<br /> <span name="Notes" id="Notes"></span><br /> <b> Vocabulary</b><br /> <span name="Bibliography" id="Bibliography"></span><br /> <b> Notes</b><br /> <span name="See_also" id="See_also"></span><br /> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal">(2003) <i>Bilingualism and the Latin Language</i>. Cambridge University Press. <span href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=0521817714" class="internal">ISBN 0521817714</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bilingualism+and+the+Latin+Language&rft.date=2003&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.isbn=0521817714"> </span> Available for preview on Google Books.<br /> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal" id="Reference-Bonfante-2002"><span href="/wiki/Giuliano_Bonfante" title="Giuliano Bonfante">Bonfante, Giuliano</span>; <span href="/wiki/Larissa_Bonfante" title="Larissa Bonfante">Bonfante, Larissa</span> (2002). <i>The Etruscan Language: an Introduction</i>. Manchester: University of Manchester Press. <span href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=0719055407" class="internal">ISBN 0-7190-5540-7</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Etruscan+Language%3A+an+Introduction&rft.aulast=Bonfante&rft.aufirst=Giuliano&rft.pub=University+of+Manchester+Press&rft.place=Manchester"> </span> Preview available on Google Books.<br /> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal">Bonfante, Larissa (1990). <i>Etruscan</i>. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. <span href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=0520071182" class="internal">ISBN 0-520-07118-2</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etruscan&rft.au=Bonfante%2C+Larissa&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles"> </span> Preview available at Google Books.<br /> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal"><span href="/wiki/Mario_Alinei" title="Mario Alinei">Mario Alinei</span> (2003). <i>Etrusco: una forma arcaica di ungherese</i>. Bologna: Le edizioni del Mulino.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etrusco%3A+una+forma+arcaica+di+ungherese&rft.au=%5B%5BMario+Alinei%5D%5D&rft.pub=Le+edizioni+del+Mulino&rft.place=Bologna"> </span><br /> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal" id="Reference-Cristofani-1984"><span href="/wiki/Mauro_Cristofani" title="Mauro Cristofani">Cristofani, Mauro</span>; <i>et al</i> (1984). <i>Gli Etruschi: una nuova immagine</i>. Firenze, Giunti Martello.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gli+Etruschi%3A+una+nuova+immagine&rft.aulast=Cristofani&rft.aufirst=Mauro&rft.pub=Firenze%2C+Giunti+Martello"> </span><br /> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal" id="Reference-Cristofani-1979"><span href="/wiki/Mauro_Cristofani" title="Mauro Cristofani">Cristofani, Mauro</span> (1979). <i>The Etruscans: A New Investigation (Echoes of the ancient world)</i>. Orbis Pub. <span href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=0856132594" class="internal">ISBN 0-85613-259-4</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Etruscans%3A+A+New+Investigation+%28Echoes+of+the+ancient+world%29&rft.aulast=Cristofani&rft.aufirst=Mauro&rft.pub=Orbis+Pub"> </span><br /> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal" id="Reference-Pallottino-1955"><span href="/wiki/Massimo_Pallottino" title="Massimo Pallottino">Pallottino, Massimo</span> (1955). <i>The Etruscans</i>. Penguin Books.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Etruscans&rft.aulast=Pallottino&rft.aufirst=Massimo&rft.pub=Penguin+Books"> </span> Translated from the Italian by J. Cremona.<br /> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal" id="Reference-Rix-1991"><span href="/wiki/Helmut_Rix" title="Helmut Rix">Rix, Helmut</span> (1991). <i>Etruskische Texte</i>. G. Narr. <span href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=3823342401" class="internal">ISBN 3-8233-4240-1</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etruskische+Texte&rft.aulast=Rix&rft.aufirst=Helmut&rft.pub=G.+Narr"> </span> 2 vols.<br /> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal" id="Reference-Steinbauer-1999"><span href="/w/index.php?title=Dieter_H._Steinbauer&action=edit" class="new" title="Dieter H. Steinbauer">Steinbauer, Dieter H.</span> (1999). <i>Neues Handbuch des Etruskischen</i>. Scripta Mercaturae. <span href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=389590080X" class="internal">ISBN 3-89590-080-X</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neues+Handbuch+des+Etruskischen&rft.aulast=Steinbauer&rft.aufirst=Dieter+H.&rft.pub=Scripta+Mercaturae"> </span><br /> Woudhuizen, Frederik Christiaan. April 2006. <i><span href="http://hdl.handle.net/1765/7686" class="external text" title="http://hdl.handle.net/1765/7686" rel="nofollow">The Ethnicity of the Sea Peoples</span></i>. Doctoral dissertation; Rotterdam: <span href="/wiki/Erasmus_Universiteit" title="Erasmus Universiteit">Erasmus Universiteit</span> Rotterdam, Faculteit der Wijsbegeerte. <b> Bibliography</b><br /> <span name="External_links" id="External_links"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Corpus_Inscriptionum_Etruscarum" title="Corpus Inscriptionum Etruscarum">Corpus Inscriptionum Etruscarum</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Old_Italic_alphabet#The_Etruscan_alphabet" title="Old Italic alphabet">Etruscan alphabet</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan civilization</span><br /> Etruscan documents<br /> <ul><br /> <li><i><span href="/wiki/Liber_Linteus" title="Liber Linteus">Liber Linteus</span></i> — An Etruscan <span href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">linen</span> book that ended as mummy wraps in Egypt.<br /> <i><span href="/wiki/Tabula_Cortonensis" title="Tabula Cortonensis">Tabula Cortonensis</span></i> — An Etruscan inscription.<br /> <i><span href="/wiki/Cippus_perusinus" title="Cippus perusinus">Cippus perusinus</span></i> — An Etruscan inscription.<br /> <i><span href="/wiki/Pyrgi_Tablets" title="Pyrgi Tablets">Pyrgi Tablets</span></i> — Bilingual Etruscan-<span href="/wiki/Phoenician_language" title="Phoenician language">Phoenician</span> golden leaves.<br /> <span href="/wiki/Etruscan_mythology" title="Etruscan mythology">Etruscan mythology</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Etruscan_numerals" title="Etruscan numerals">Etruscan numerals</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Lemnian_language" title="Lemnian language">Lemnian language</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Etruscan_origin" title="List of English words of Etruscan origin">List of English words of Etruscan origin</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_words_of_Etruscan_origin" title="List of Spanish words of Etruscan origin">List of Spanish words of Etruscan origin</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Raetic_language" title="Raetic language">Raetic language</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Tyrsenian_languages" title="Tyrsenian languages">Tyrsenian languages</span> <b> See also</b><br /> <span name="General" id="General"></span><br /> <b> Inscriptions</b><br /> <span name="Fonts" id="Fonts"></span><br /> <span href="http://web.archive.org/web/20021213221136/http://www.netaxs.com/~salvucci/VTLetrvocab.html" class="external text" title="http://web.archive.org/web/20021213221136/http://www.netaxs.com/~salvucci/VTLetrvocab.html" rel="nofollow">An Etruscan Vocabulary</span> at web.archive.org. A short, one-page glossary with numerals as well.<br /> <span href="http://etruskisch.de/pgs/vc.htm" class="external text" title="http://etruskisch.de/pgs/vc.htm" rel="nofollow">Etruscan Vocabulary</span>, a vocabulary organized by topic at etruskisch.de, in English.<br /> <span href="http://www.iolairweb.co.uk/etrusdict.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.iolairweb.co.uk/etrusdict.htm" rel="nofollow">Etruscan-English Dictionary</span> at iolairweb.co.uk. An extensive lexicon compiled from other lexicon sites. Links to the major Etruscan glossaries on the Internet are included. allenwoowhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07230305915382288768noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2698456649659425471.post-44284073841021429742008-05-01T08:11:00.001-07:002008-05-01T08:11:52.808-07:00<img src="http://shorelines.dnr.state.md.us/images/erosion.jpg" alt="Eastern Shore of Maryland" align="left" style="padding:10px" /> <b></b><br /> The <b>Eastern Shore of <span href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</span></b> is composed of the state's nine counties east of the <span href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</span>. The counties are <span href="/wiki/Caroline_County%2C_Maryland" title="Caroline County, Maryland">Caroline County</span>, <span href="/wiki/Cecil_County%2C_Maryland" title="Cecil County, Maryland">Cecil County</span>, <span href="/wiki/Dorchester_County%2C_Maryland" title="Dorchester County, Maryland">Dorchester County</span>, <span href="/wiki/Kent_County%2C_Maryland" title="Kent County, Maryland">Kent County</span>, <span href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_County%2C_Maryland" title="Queen Anne's County, Maryland">Queen Anne's County</span>, <span href="/wiki/Somerset_County%2C_Maryland" title="Somerset County, Maryland">Somerset County</span>, <span href="/wiki/Talbot_County%2C_Maryland" title="Talbot County, Maryland">Talbot County</span>, <span href="/wiki/Wicomico_County%2C_Maryland" title="Wicomico County, Maryland">Wicomico County</span>, <span href="/wiki/Worcester_County%2C_Maryland" title="Worcester County, Maryland">Worcester County</span>. Some dispute Cecil County as a true Shore county, however, because of the presence of <span href="/wiki/Interstate_95_in_Maryland" title="Interstate 95 in Maryland">I-95</span> and related development, proximity to and influence from nearby urban areas such as <span href="/wiki/Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania" title="Philadelphia, Pennsylvania">Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</span>, <span href="/wiki/Wilmington%2C_Delaware" title="Wilmington, Delaware">Wilmington, Delaware</span>, and the state of <span href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</span>, as well as its position straddling the <span href="/wiki/Elk_River_%28Maryland%29" title="Elk River (Maryland)">Elk River</span> - leaving half of the county geographically west of the Shore, instead connected to the <span href="/wiki/Western_Shore" title="Western Shore">Western Shore's</span> <span href="/wiki/Harford_County%2C_Maryland" title="Harford County, Maryland">Harford County</span>.<br /> Although the Eastern Shore comprises more than a third of Maryland's land area, it only has a population of 420,792 (2004 census estimate), about 8% of Maryland's population.<br /> The main economic activities on the Eastern Shore are vegetable and grain truck <span href="/wiki/Farming" title="Farming">farming</span>, <span href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">seafood</span>, large-scale chicken breeding (the <span href="/wiki/Perdue_Farms" title="Perdue Farms">Perdue</span> Company began in <span href="/wiki/Salisbury%2C_Maryland" title="Salisbury, Maryland">Salisbury, Maryland</span>), and services related to <span href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</span>. <span href="/wiki/Ocean_City%2C_Maryland" title="Ocean City, Maryland">Ocean City</span> is an oft-visited resort destination on the Eastern Shore. It must be noted that most business at Ocean City are owned not by natives but by <span href="/wiki/Baltimore%2C_Maryland" title="Baltimore, Maryland">Baltimoreans</span>, thus rendering the flavor of Ocean City life unlike that of the rest of the Shore. The Ocean City skyline, featuring many tall hotels and condominiums, is also a stark contrast to the rest of <span href="/wiki/Delmarva" title="Delmarva">Delmarva</span>. Other picturesque tourist destinations include the town of <span href="/wiki/St._Michaels%2C_Maryland" title="St. Michaels, Maryland">St. Michael's</span> on a neck surrounded by water; colonial <span href="/wiki/Chestertown%2C_Maryland" title="Chestertown, Maryland">Chestertown</span>; and isolated <span href="/wiki/Smith_Island%2C_Maryland" title="Smith Island, Maryland">Smith Island</span>. The population of fish and other marine life is threatened by pollution and environmental factors. Duck hunting from raised platforms ("blinds") is popular, and carved wooden duck decoys are prized as works of art.<br /> The Eastern Shore has always been a distinctive region, and has often attempted to split off from the state of Maryland. Proposals have been debated in the <span href="/wiki/Maryland_General_Assembly" title="Maryland General Assembly">Maryland General Assembly</span> in 1833-1835, 1852 and recently in 1999 for the Eastern Shore becoming its own state. Early proposals encompassed a state of the entire <span href="/wiki/Delmarva_Peninsula" title="Delmarva Peninsula">Delmarva Peninsula</span>. The proposal in 1999 by State Senators <span href="/wiki/Richard_F._Colburn" title="Richard F. Colburn">Richard F. Colburn</span> and <span href="/wiki/J._Lowell_Stoltzfus" title="J. Lowell Stoltzfus">J. Lowell Stoltzfus</span> did not specify the status of the nine counties of the Eastern Shore after secession.<br /> Transportation across the Chesapeake Bay was by ferries until <span href="/wiki/1952" title="1952">1952</span>, when the first <span href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay_Bridge" title="Chesapeake Bay Bridge">Chesapeake Bay Bridge</span> was opened for traffic. The bridge spans 4.35 miles (7.00 km) of the <span href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</span> and is the longest continuous over-water steel structure. A second parallel span was added in 1973 and a third is in the planning stages.<br /> The advent of easy transportation and tourism to the Eastern Shore did much to erode its distinctive culture and its many accents that date to the 17th and 18th centuries, but which persist in remote places like Smith Island.<br /> An <span href="/wiki/Eastern_Shore_Baseball_League" title="Eastern Shore Baseball League">Eastern Shore Baseball League</span> operated on three different occasions between the 1922 and 1949. It was a Class D minor league with teams in all three states of Delmarva.<br /> Though seven of the nine counties have a majority of Democratic-registered voters, most elected officials are Republicans. The entire Eastern shore is in <span href="/wiki/Maryland%27s_1st_congressional_district" title="Maryland's 1st congressional district">Maryland's 1st congressional district</span>.<br /> <span name="See_also" id="See_also"></span><br /> allenwoowhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07230305915382288768noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2698456649659425471.post-62383936960898314942008-04-30T09:39:00.001-07:002008-04-30T09:39:48.347-07:00<img src="http://www.fairus.org/images/content/pagebuilder/18949.gif" alt="South Carolina census statistical areas" align="right" style="padding:10px" /> <b></b><br /> <b>The <span href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</span> has defined 4 <span href="/wiki/Combined_Statistical_Area" title="Combined Statistical Area">Combined Statistical Areas</span> (CSAs), allenwoowhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07230305915382288768noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2698456649659425471.post-53540459693455923182008-04-29T10:11:00.001-07:002008-04-29T10:11:32.402-07:00<img src="http://lecturedemo.ph.unimelb.edu.au/var/lecdem/storage/images/modern/nuclear_chain_reaction/chain_reaction_pic/3650-1-eng-AU/chain_reaction_pic_imagelarge.jpg" alt="Chain reaction" align="center" style="padding:10px" /> <b></b><br /> A <b>chain reaction</b> is a sequence of <span href="/wiki/Reaction" title="Reaction">reactions</span> where a reactive product or by-product causes additional reactions to take place.<br /> <span name="See_also" id="See_also"></span><br /> The <span href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</span>-<span href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">fission</span> <span href="/wiki/Nuclear_chain_reaction" title="Nuclear chain reaction">chain reaction</span>: a neutron plus a fissionable <span href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atom</span> causes a fission resulting in a larger number of neutrons than was consumed in the initial reaction.<br /> <span href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">Chemical reactions</span>, where a product of a reaction is itself a reactive particle which can cause more similar reactions. For example, every step of <span href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H<sub>2</sub></span> + <span href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl<sub>2</sub></span> chain reaction consumes one <span href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecule</span> of H<sub>2</sub> or Cl<sub>2</sub>, one <span href="/wiki/Free_radical" title="Free radical">free radical</span> H· or Cl· producing one <span href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">HCl</span> molecule and another free radical.<br /> <span href="/wiki/Electron_avalanche" title="Electron avalanche">Electron avalanche</span> process: Collisions of <span href="/wiki/Free_electron" title="Free electron">free electrons</span> in a strong <span href="/wiki/Electric_field" title="Electric field">electric field</span> forming "new" electrons to undergo the same process in successive cycles. allenwoowhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07230305915382288768noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2698456649659425471.post-11845543193703999642008-04-27T08:49:00.001-07:002008-04-27T08:49:29.296-07:00 <b></b><br /> The <b>Chorister School</b> is a pre-preparatory and <span href="/wiki/Preparatory_school_%28England%29" title="Preparatory school (England)">preparatory</span> day and boarding school for boys and girls aged 4-13 in <span href="/wiki/Durham" title="Durham">Durham</span>, <span href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</span>. It is located at 9 The College, a Grade I <span href="/wiki/Listed_building" title="Listed building">listed building</span> adjacent to <span href="/wiki/Durham_Cathedral" title="Durham Cathedral">Durham Cathedral</span>. The majority of the pupils at the school attend on a "day" basis, with about 30 boarders of both sexes making up the balance. Boys who are Choristers all board. Pupils are taught in small classes in a collection of historic buildings all of which form part of the College, or <span href="/w/index.php?title=Cathedral_Close&action=edit" class="new" title="Cathedral Close">Cathedral Close</span>.<br /> <span name="History" id="History"></span><br /> <img src="http://www.eastanglia24.co.uk/choral_site/images/simonwall.jpg" alt="Chorister School" align="left" style="padding:10px" /><img src="http://www.chchchoir.org/images/site/IMG_4602.jpg" alt="Chorister School" align="left" style="padding:10px" /> <b> History</b><br /> <span name="References" id="References"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</span> (b. 1953), former <span href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Rowan_Atkinson" title="Rowan Atkinson">Rowan Atkinson</span> (b. 1955), comedian, "<span href="/wiki/Mr_Bean" title="Mr Bean">Mr Bean</span>"<br /> Rear Admiral Jonathan A Burch, CBE, Director General Aircraft (Navy)<br /> <span href="/wiki/John_Laws_%28judge%29" title="John Laws (judge)">Sir John Laws</span>, The Rt Hon Lord Justice Laws High Court Judge between 1992 and 1999, when he came to the Court of Appeal.<br /> Sir Donald Limon, Assistant Clerk then Clerk to the House of Commons 1956-2006<br /> Patrick McDermott "Paddy MacDee" BBC television and radio programme host, newsreader and commentator<br /> Dr Peter Scott, Vice-Chancellor of Kingston University<br /> John C N Slater, Q.C. Recorder of the Crown Court, Deputy High Court Judge and Arbitrator<br /> <span href="/wiki/Peter_Vardy_%28businessman%29" title="Peter Vardy (businessman)">Sir Peter Vardy</span>, businessman and educationalist<br /> Dr Dyfri Williams, Keeper of Greek and Roman Antiquities at the British Museum. allenwoowhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07230305915382288768noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2698456649659425471.post-87370551517999354992008-04-26T09:31:00.001-07:002008-04-26T09:31:50.384-07:00 <b></b><br /> The <b>UEFA Euro 2004</b> (or just <b>Euro 2004</b>) was the twelfth edition of <span href="/wiki/UEFA" title="UEFA">UEFA</span>'s quadriennial <span href="/wiki/UEFA_European_Football_Championship" title="UEFA European Football Championship">European Football Championship</span> and was held in <span href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</span>, for the first time, between <span href="/wiki/June_12" title="June 12">June 12</span> and <span href="/wiki/July_4" title="July 4">July 4</span>, <span href="/wiki/2004" title="2004">2004</span>. Like in the previous two editions, in <span href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_1996" title="UEFA Euro 1996">England</span> and <span href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2000" title="UEFA Euro 2000">Netherlands/Belgium</span>, sixteen teams contested the final tournament after going through a <span href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2004_qualifying" title="UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying">qualification round</span> which began in 2002. The tournament took place in ten venues located in eight cities — <span href="/wiki/Aveiro" title="Aveiro">Aveiro</span>, <span href="/wiki/Braga" title="Braga">Braga</span>, <span href="/wiki/Coimbra" title="Coimbra">Coimbra</span>, <span href="/wiki/Guimar%C3%A3es" title="Guimarães">Guimarães</span>, <span href="/wiki/Faro" title="Faro">Faro</span>/<span href="/wiki/Loul%C3%A9" title="Loulé">Loulé</span>, <span href="/wiki/Leiria" title="Leiria">Leiria</span>, <span href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</span> and <span href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</span>.<br /> During the tournament there were several surprises: the <span href="/wiki/Germany_national_football_team" title="Germany national football team">German</span>, <span href="/wiki/Italy_national_football_team" title="Italy national football team">Italian</span> and <span href="/wiki/Spain_national_football_team" title="Spain national football team">Spanish</span> national <span href="/wiki/Football_%28soccer%29" title="Football (soccer)">football</span> teams were knocked out during the group stage; the title-holders <span href="/wiki/France_national_football_team" title="France national football team">France</span> were eliminated in the quarterfinals by unfancied <span href="/wiki/Greece_national_football_team" title="Greece national football team">Greece</span>, and the <span href="/wiki/Portugal_national_football_team" title="Portugal national football team">Portuguese</span> hosts managed a winning streak towards the final, following their opening defeat, by beating Spain, <span href="/wiki/England_national_football_team" title="England national football team">England</span> and <span href="/wiki/Netherlands_national_football_team" title="Netherlands national football team">The Netherlands</span> along the way. For the first time, the final featured the same teams as the opening match, with the hosts losing both of them also for the first time. Portugal was beaten by <span href="/wiki/Greece_national_football_team" title="Greece national football team">Greece</span> on both occasions. Greece's triumph was even more outstanding considering that in their only other appearance, back in <span href="/wiki/1980_UEFA_European_Football_Championship" title="1980 UEFA European Football Championship">1980</span>, they did not win a single game.<br /> During the opening ceremony, the Portuguese portrayed a ship, symbolizing the voyages of the <span href="/wiki/Portugal_in_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Portugal in the Age of Discovery">Portuguese explorers</span>, sailing through a sea which gave place to the flags of all competing countries.<br /> <span name="Qualifying" id="Qualifying"></span><br /> <b> Qualifying</b><br /> The sixteen teams that participated in the final tournament were:<br /> <span name="Venues" id="Venues"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Bulgaria"><img alt="Flag of Bulgaria" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" width="22" height="13" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/2004_European_Football_Championship_-_Bulgaria" title="2004 European Football Championship - Bulgaria">Bulgaria</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Croatia.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Croatia"><img alt="Flag of Croatia" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" width="22" height="11" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/2004_European_Football_Championship_-_Croatia" title="2004 European Football Championship - Croatia">Croatia</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg" class="image" title="Flag of the Czech Republic"><img alt="Flag of the Czech Republic" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" width="22" height="15" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/2004_European_Football_Championship_-_Czech_Republic" title="2004 European Football Championship - Czech Republic">Czech Republic</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Denmark.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Denmark"><img alt="Flag of Denmark" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/22px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" width="22" height="17" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/2004_European_Football_Championship_-_Denmark" title="2004 European Football Championship - Denmark">Denmark</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_England.svg" class="image" title="Flag of England"><img alt="Flag of England" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/22px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" width="22" height="13" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/2004_European_Football_Championship_-_England" title="2004 European Football Championship - England">England</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_France.svg" class="image" title="Flag of France"><img alt="Flag of France" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="22" height="15" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/2004_European_Football_Championship_-_France" title="2004 European Football Championship - France">France</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Germany.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Germany"><img alt="Flag of Germany" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" width="22" height="13" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/2004_European_Football_Championship_-_Germany" title="2004 European Football Championship - Germany">Germany</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Greece.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Greece"><img alt="Flag of Greece" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/22px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" width="22" height="15" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/2004_European_Football_Championship_-_Greece" title="2004 European Football Championship - Greece">Greece</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Italy.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Italy"><img alt="Flag of Italy" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="22" height="15" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/2004_European_Football_Championship_-_Italy" title="2004 European Football Championship - Italy">Italy</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Latvia.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Latvia"><img alt="Flag of Latvia" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" width="22" height="11" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/2004_European_Football_Championship_-_Latvia" title="2004 European Football Championship - Latvia">Latvia</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg" class="image" title="Flag of the Netherlands"><img alt="Flag of the Netherlands" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" width="22" height="15" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/2004_European_Football_Championship_-_Netherlands" title="2004 European Football Championship - Netherlands">Netherlands</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Portugal.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Portugal"><img alt="Flag of Portugal" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/22px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" width="22" height="15" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/2004_European_Football_Championship_-_Portugal" title="2004 European Football Championship - Portugal">Portugal</span> (host)<br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Russia.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Russia"><img alt="Flag of Russia" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" width="22" height="15" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/2004_European_Football_Championship_-_Russia" title="2004 European Football Championship - Russia">Russia</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Spain.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Spain"><img alt="Flag of Spain" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/22px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" width="22" height="15" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/2004_European_Football_Championship_-_Spain" title="2004 European Football Championship - Spain">Spain</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Sweden.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Sweden"><img alt="Flag of Sweden" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" width="22" height="14" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/2004_European_Football_Championship_-_Sweden" title="2004 European Football Championship - Sweden">Sweden</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Switzerland.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Switzerland"><img alt="Flag of Switzerland" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/20px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" width="20" height="20" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/2004_European_Football_Championship_-_Switzerland" title="2004 European Football Championship - Switzerland">Switzerland</span> <b> Venues</b><br /> Twelve referees were selected for the tournament:<br /> <span name="First_round" id="First_round"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Denmark.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Denmark"><img alt="Flag of Denmark" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/22px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" width="22" height="17" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Kim_Milton_Nielsen" title="Kim Milton Nielsen">Kim Milton Nielsen</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_England.svg" class="image" title="Flag of England"><img alt="Flag of England" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/22px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" width="22" height="13" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Mike_Riley_%28referee%29" title="Mike Riley (referee)">Mike Riley</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_France.svg" class="image" title="Flag of France"><img alt="Flag of France" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="22" height="15" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Gilles_Veissi%C3%A8re" title="Gilles Veissière">Gilles Veissière</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Germany.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Germany"><img alt="Flag of Germany" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" width="22" height="13" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Markus_Merk" title="Markus Merk">Markus Merk</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Italy.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Italy"><img alt="Flag of Italy" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="22" height="15" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Pierluigi_Collina" title="Pierluigi Collina">Pierluigi Collina</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Norway.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Norway"><img alt="Flag of Norway" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/22px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" width="22" height="16" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Terje_Hauge" title="Terje Hauge">Terje Hauge</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Portugal.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Portugal"><img alt="Flag of Portugal" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/22px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" width="22" height="15" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Luc%C3%ADlio_Batista" title="Lucílio Batista">Lucílio Batista</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Russia.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Russia"><img alt="Flag of Russia" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" width="22" height="15" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Valentin_Valentinovich_Ivanov" title="Valentin Valentinovich Ivanov">Valentin Ivanov</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Slovakia.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Slovakia"><img alt="Flag of Slovakia" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" width="22" height="15" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/%C4%BDubo%C5%A1_Miche%C4%BE" title="Ľuboš Micheľ">Ľuboš Micheľ</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Spain.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Spain"><img alt="Flag of Spain" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/22px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" width="22" height="15" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Manuel_Mejuto_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Manuel Mejuto González">Manuel Mejuto González</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Sweden.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Sweden"><img alt="Flag of Sweden" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" width="22" height="14" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Anders_Frisk" title="Anders Frisk">Anders Frisk</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Switzerland.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Switzerland"><img alt="Flag of Switzerland" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/20px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" width="20" height="20" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Urs_Meier" title="Urs Meier">Urs Meier</span> <b> Match officials</b><br /> <span name="Notes" id="Notes"></span><br /> <b> First round</b><br /> <span name="Group_A" id="Group_A"></span><br /> Tie-breakers <br /> <ul><br /> <li>For teams which finish level on points, the following tie-breakers are used:<br /> greater number of points in the matches between the teams in question;<br /> greater goal difference in matches between the teams in question;<br /> greater number of goals scored in matches between the teams in question;<br /> greater goal difference in all group games;<br /> greater number of goals scored in all group games;<br /> higher <span href="/wiki/2004_UEFA_European_Championship_%28qualifying%29#Qualifying_teams_and_coefficients" title="2004 UEFA European Championship (qualifying)">coefficient</span> derived from EURO 2004 and 2002 World Cup qualifiers (points obtained divided by number of matches played);<br /> fair play conduct in EURO 2004;<br /> drawing of lots. <b> Notes</b><br /> <br /> <div class="noprint"><i>Main article: <span href="/wiki/2004_UEFA_European_Football_Championship_-_Group_A" title="2004 UEFA European Football Championship - Group A">2004 UEFA European Football Championship - Group A</span></i> <b> Group A</b><br /> <br /> <div class="noprint"><i>Main article: <span href="/wiki/2004_UEFA_European_Football_Championship_-_Group_B" title="2004 UEFA European Football Championship - Group B">2004 UEFA European Football Championship - Group B</span></i><img src="http://news.bbc.co.uk/media/images/39306000/jpg/_39306839_2004eusebio_ap.jpg" alt="Euro 2004" align="right" style="padding:10px" /> <b> Group B</b><br /> <br /> <div class="noprint"><i>Main article: <span href="/wiki/2004_UEFA_European_Football_Championship_-_Group_C" title="2004 UEFA European Football Championship - Group C">2004 UEFA European Football Championship - Group C</span></i> <b> Group C</b><br /> <br /> <div class="noprint"><i>Main article: <span href="/wiki/2004_UEFA_European_Football_Championship_-_Group_D" title="2004 UEFA European Football Championship - Group D">2004 UEFA European Football Championship - Group D</span></i> <b> Group D</b><br /> <br /> <div class="noprint"><i>Main article: <span href="/wiki/2004_European_Football_Championship_knockout_stage" title="2004 European Football Championship knockout stage">2004 European Football Championship knockout stage</span></i> <b> Knockout stages</b><br /> <span name="Semi-finals" id="Semi-finals"></span><br /> <b> Quarter-finals</b><br /> <span name="Final" id="Final"></span><br /> <b> Semi-finals</b><br /> <span name="Result" id="Result"></span><br /> <b> Final</b><br /> <span name="Statistics" id="Statistics"></span><br /> <b> Result</b><br /> <span name="Top_scoring_players" id="Top_scoring_players"></span><br /> <b> Statistics</b><br /> Euro 2004 Top Scorers <br /> <span name="Top_scoring_teams" id="Top_scoring_teams"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg" class="image" title="Flag of the Czech Republic"><img alt="Flag of the Czech Republic" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" width="22" height="15" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Milan_Baro%C5%A1" title="Milan Baroš">Milan Baroš</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg" class="image" title="Flag of the Netherlands"><img alt="Flag of the Netherlands" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" width="22" height="15" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Ruud_van_Nistelrooy" title="Ruud van Nistelrooy">Ruud van Nistelrooy</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_England.svg" class="image" title="Flag of England"><img alt="Flag of England" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/22px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" width="22" height="13" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Wayne_Rooney" title="Wayne Rooney">Wayne Rooney</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Denmark.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Denmark"><img alt="Flag of Denmark" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/22px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" width="22" height="17" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Jon_Dahl_Tomasson" title="Jon Dahl Tomasson">Jon Dahl Tomasson</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_England.svg" class="image" title="Flag of England"><img alt="Flag of England" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/22px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" width="22" height="13" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Frank_Lampard" title="Frank Lampard">Frank Lampard</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_France.svg" class="image" title="Flag of France"><img alt="Flag of France" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="22" height="15" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Zinedine_Zidane" title="Zinedine Zidane">Zinedine Zidane</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Greece.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Greece"><img alt="Flag of Greece" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/22px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" width="22" height="15" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Angelos_Charisteas" title="Angelos Charisteas">Angelos Charisteas</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Sweden.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Sweden"><img alt="Flag of Sweden" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" width="22" height="14" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Henrik_Larsson" title="Henrik Larsson">Henrik Larsson</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg" class="image" title="Flag of the Czech Republic"><img alt="Flag of the Czech Republic" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" width="22" height="15" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Marek_Heinz" title="Marek Heinz">Marek Heinz</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg" class="image" title="Flag of the Czech Republic"><img alt="Flag of the Czech Republic" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" width="22" height="15" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Jan_Koller" title="Jan Koller">Jan Koller</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_France.svg" class="image" title="Flag of France"><img alt="Flag of France" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="22" height="15" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Thierry_Henry" title="Thierry Henry">Thierry Henry</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Italy.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Italy"><img alt="Flag of Italy" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="22" height="15" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Antonio_Cassano" title="Antonio Cassano">Antonio Cassano</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Portugal.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Portugal"><img alt="Flag of Portugal" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/22px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" width="22" height="15" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Cristiano_Ronaldo" title="Cristiano Ronaldo">Cristiano Ronaldo</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Portugal.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Portugal"><img alt="Flag of Portugal" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/22px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" width="22" height="15" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Maniche" title="Maniche">Maniche</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Portugal.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Portugal"><img alt="Flag of Portugal" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/22px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" width="22" height="15" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Rui_Costa" title="Rui Costa">Rui Costa</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Sweden.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Sweden"><img alt="Flag of Sweden" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" width="22" height="14" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Zlatan_Ibrahimovi%C4%87" title="Zlatan Ibrahimović">Zlatan Ibrahimović</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Bulgaria"><img alt="Flag of Bulgaria" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" width="22" height="13" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Martin_Petrov" title="Martin Petrov">Martin Petrov</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Croatia.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Croatia"><img alt="Flag of Croatia" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" width="22" height="11" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Dado_Prso" title="Dado Prso">Dado Prso</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Croatia.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Croatia"><img alt="Flag of Croatia" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" width="22" height="11" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Igor_Tudor" title="Igor Tudor">Igor Tudor</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Croatia.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Croatia"><img alt="Flag of Croatia" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" width="22" height="11" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Milan_Rapai%C4%87" title="Milan Rapaić">Milan Rapaić</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Croatia.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Croatia"><img alt="Flag of Croatia" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" width="22" height="11" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Niko_Kovac" title="Niko Kovac">Niko Kovac</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg" class="image" title="Flag of the Czech Republic"><img alt="Flag of the Czech Republic" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" width="22" height="15" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Vladim%C3%ADr_%C5%A0micer" title="Vladimír Šmicer">Vladimír Šmicer</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Denmark.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Denmark"><img alt="Flag of Denmark" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/22px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" width="22" height="17" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Jesper_Gr%C3%B8nkj%C3%A6r" title="Jesper Grønkjær">Jesper Grønkjær</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_England.svg" class="image" title="Flag of England"><img alt="Flag of England" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/22px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" width="22" height="13" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Michael_Owen" title="Michael Owen">Michael Owen</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_England.svg" class="image" title="Flag of England"><img alt="Flag of England" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/22px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" width="22" height="13" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Paul_Scholes" title="Paul Scholes">Paul Scholes</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_England.svg" class="image" title="Flag of England"><img alt="Flag of England" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/22px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" width="22" height="13" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Steven_Gerrard" title="Steven Gerrard">Steven Gerrard</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_France.svg" class="image" title="Flag of France"><img alt="Flag of France" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="22" height="15" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/David_Tr%C3%A9z%C3%A9guet" title="David Trézéguet">David Trézéguet</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Germany.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Germany"><img alt="Flag of Germany" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" width="22" height="13" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Michael_Ballack" title="Michael Ballack">Michael Ballack</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Germany.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Germany"><img alt="Flag of Germany" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" width="22" height="13" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Torsten_Frings" title="Torsten Frings">Torsten Frings</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Greece.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Greece"><img alt="Flag of Greece" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/22px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" width="22" height="15" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Angelos_Basinas" title="Angelos Basinas">Angelos Basinas</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Greece.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Greece"><img alt="Flag of Greece" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/22px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" width="22" height="15" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Giorgos_Karagounis" title="Giorgos Karagounis">Giorgos Karagounis</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Greece.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Greece"><img alt="Flag of Greece" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/22px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" width="22" height="15" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Traianos_Dellas" title="Traianos Dellas">Traianos Dellas</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Greece.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Greece"><img alt="Flag of Greece" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/22px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" width="22" height="15" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Zisis_Vryzas" title="Zisis Vryzas">Zisis Vryzas</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Italy.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Italy"><img alt="Flag of Italy" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="22" height="15" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Simone_Perrotta" title="Simone Perrotta">Simone Perrotta</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Latvia.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Latvia"><img alt="Flag of Latvia" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" width="22" height="11" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Maris_Verpakovskis" title="Maris Verpakovskis">Maris Verpakovskis</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg" class="image" title="Flag of the Netherlands"><img alt="Flag of the Netherlands" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" width="22" height="15" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Roy_Makaay" title="Roy Makaay">Roy Makaay</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg" class="image" title="Flag of the Netherlands"><img alt="Flag of the Netherlands" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" width="22" height="15" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Wilfred_Bouma" title="Wilfred Bouma">Wilfred Bouma</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Portugal.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Portugal"><img alt="Flag of Portugal" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/22px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" width="22" height="15" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/H%C3%A9lder_Postiga" title="Hélder Postiga">Hélder Postiga</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Portugal.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Portugal"><img alt="Flag of Portugal" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/22px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" width="22" height="15" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Nuno_Gomes" title="Nuno Gomes">Nuno Gomes</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Spain.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Spain"><img alt="Flag of Spain" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/22px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" width="22" height="15" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Fernando_Morientes" title="Fernando Morientes">Fernando Morientes</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Spain.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Spain"><img alt="Flag of Spain" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/22px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" width="22" height="15" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Valeron" title="Juan Carlos Valeron">Juan Carlos Valeron</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Sweden.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Sweden"><img alt="Flag of Sweden" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" width="22" height="14" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Fredrik_Ljungberg" title="Fredrik Ljungberg">Fredrik Ljungberg</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Sweden.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Sweden"><img alt="Flag of Sweden" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" width="22" height="14" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Marcus_Allb%C3%A4ck" title="Marcus Allbäck">Marcus Allbäck</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Sweden.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Sweden"><img alt="Flag of Sweden" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" width="22" height="14" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Mattias_Jonson" title="Mattias Jonson">Mattias Jonson</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Russia.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Russia"><img alt="Flag of Russia" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" width="22" height="15" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Dmitri_Bulykin" title="Dmitri Bulykin">Dmitri Bulykin</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Russia.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Russia"><img alt="Flag of Russia" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" width="22" height="15" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Dmitri_Kirichenko" title="Dmitri Kirichenko">Dmitri Kirichenko</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Switzerland.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Switzerland"><img alt="Flag of Switzerland" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/20px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" width="20" height="20" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Johann_Vonlanthen" title="Johann Vonlanthen">Johann Vonlanthen</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Croatia.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Croatia"><img alt="Flag of Croatia" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" width="22" height="11" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Igor_Tudor" title="Igor Tudor">Igor Tudor</span> (vs. <span href="/wiki/France_national_football_team" title="France national football team">France</span>)<br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Portugal.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Portugal"><img alt="Flag of Portugal" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/22px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" width="22" height="15" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Jorge_Andrade" title="Jorge Andrade">Jorge Andrade</span> (vs. <span href="/wiki/Netherlands_national_football_team" title="Netherlands national football team">Netherlands</span>) <b> Top scoring players</b><br /> <span name="Fastest_goal" id="Fastest_goal"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg" class="image" title="Flag of the Czech Republic"><img alt="Flag of the Czech Republic" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" width="22" height="15" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Czech_Republic_national_football_team" title="Czech Republic national football team">Czech Republic</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_England.svg" class="image" title="Flag of England"><img alt="Flag of England" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/22px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" width="22" height="13" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/England_national_football_team" title="England national football team">England</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Portugal.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Portugal"><img alt="Flag of Portugal" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/22px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" width="22" height="15" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Portugal_national_football_team" title="Portugal national football team">Portugal</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Sweden.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Sweden"><img alt="Flag of Sweden" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" width="22" height="14" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Sweden_national_football_team" title="Sweden national football team">Sweden</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_France.svg" class="image" title="Flag of France"><img alt="Flag of France" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="22" height="15" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/France_national_football_team" title="France national football team">France</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Greece.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Greece"><img alt="Flag of Greece" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/22px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" width="22" height="15" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Greece_national_football_team" title="Greece national football team">Greece</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg" class="image" title="Flag of the Netherlands"><img alt="Flag of the Netherlands" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" width="22" height="15" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Netherlands_national_football_team" title="Netherlands national football team">Netherlands</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Denmark.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Denmark"><img alt="Flag of Denmark" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/22px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" width="22" height="17" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Denmark_national_football_team" title="Denmark national football team">Denmark</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Croatia.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Croatia"><img alt="Flag of Croatia" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" width="22" height="11" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Croatia_national_football_team" title="Croatia national football team">Croatia</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Italy.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Italy"><img alt="Flag of Italy" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="22" height="15" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Italy_national_football_team" title="Italy national football team">Italy</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Germany.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Germany"><img alt="Flag of Germany" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" width="22" height="13" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Germany_national_football_team" title="Germany national football team">Germany</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Russia.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Russia"><img alt="Flag of Russia" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" width="22" height="15" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Russia_national_football_team" title="Russia national football team">Russia</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Spain.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Spain"><img alt="Flag of Spain" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/22px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" width="22" height="15" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Spain_national_football_team" title="Spain national football team">Spain</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Latvia.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Latvia"><img alt="Flag of Latvia" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" width="22" height="11" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Latvia_national_football_team" title="Latvia national football team">Latvia</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Switzerland.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Switzerland"><img alt="Flag of Switzerland" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/20px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" width="20" height="20" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Switzerland_national_football_team" title="Switzerland national football team">Switzerland</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Bulgaria"><img alt="Flag of Bulgaria" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" width="22" height="13" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Bulgaria_national_football_team" title="Bulgaria national football team">Bulgaria</span> <b> Top scoring teams</b><br /> <b>2 Minutes</b> : <span href="/wiki/Dmitri_Kirichenko" title="Dmitri Kirichenko">Dmitri Kirichenko</span> (Russia vs Greece)<br /> <span name="Awards" id="Awards"></span><br /> <b> Awards</b><br /> <span name="References" id="References"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/2004_UEFA_European_Football_Championship_squads" title="2004 UEFA European Football Championship squads">2004 UEFA European Football Championship squads</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2004_Qualifying" title="UEFA Euro 2004 Qualifying">UEFA Euro 2004 Qualifying</span> allenwoowhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07230305915382288768noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2698456649659425471.post-14731064239578814832008-04-25T08:04:00.001-07:002008-04-25T08:04:07.888-07:00 <b></b><br /> <b>Caernarfon</b> is a <span href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_constituencies" title="United Kingdom constituencies">parliamentary constituency</span> represented in the <span href="/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" title="British House of Commons">House of Commons</span> of the <span href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</span>. Originally known as Caernarvon Boroughs, it is named after <span href="/wiki/Caernarfon" title="Caernarfon">Caernarfon</span>, the main town within the constituency. Its most famous member was <span href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</span>, who was MP for 55 years. When Lloyd George became <span href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">prime minister</span> in 1916 it became the first <span href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Welsh</span> constituency to be represented by a serving prime minister.<br /> <span href="/wiki/Plaid_Cymru" title="Plaid Cymru">Plaid Cymru</span> have held the seat continuously since <span href="/wiki/1974" title="1974">1974</span>, longer than they have held any other seat.<br /> <span name="Boundaries" id="Boundaries"></span><br /> <b> Boundaries</b><br /> <span name="Elections" id="Elections"></span><br /> 1660 – 1661: <span href="/wiki/Sir_William_Glynne%2C_1st_Baronet" title="Sir William Glynne, 1st Baronet">William Glynne</span><br /> 1661 – 1679: William Griffith<br /> 1679 – 1685: Thomas Mostyn<br /> 1685 – 1689: John Griffith<br /> 1689 – 1698: Sir Robert Owen<br /> 1698 – 1705: <span href="/wiki/Sir_John_Wynn%2C_5th_Baronet" title="Sir John Wynn, 5th Baronet">Sir John Wynn, 5th Baronet</span><br /> 1705 – 1708: Thomas Bulkeley<br /> 1708 – 1713: William Griffith<br /> 1713 – 1749: Sir Thomas Wynn<br /> 1749 – 1754: Sir William Wynn<br /> 1754 – 1761: Robert Wynne<br /> 1761 – 1768: Sir John Wynn<br /> 1768 – 1790: Glyn Wynn<br /> 1790 – 1796: <span href="/wiki/Henry_Paget%2C_1st_Marquess_of_Anglesey" title="Henry Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey">Henry William Paget</span><br /> 1796 – 1806: Edward Paget<br /> 1806 – 1826: <span href="/wiki/Charles_Paget_%28politician%29" title="Charles Paget (politician)">Charles Paget</span><br /> 1826 – 1830: Lord William Paget<br /> 1830 – 1831: <span href="/wiki/William_Ormsby-Gore" title="William Ormsby-Gore">William Ormsby-Gore</span><br /> 1831 – 1833: Sir <span href="/wiki/Charles_Paget_%28politician%29" title="Charles Paget (politician)">Charles Paget</span>, <span href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_%28UK%29" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</span><br /> 1833 – 1833: Owen Jones Ellis Nanney, <span href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_%28UK%29" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</span><br /> 1833 – 1835: Sir <span href="/wiki/Charles_Paget_%28politician%29" title="Charles Paget (politician)">Charles Paget</span>, <span href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_%28UK%29" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</span><br /> 1835 – 1837: Love Parry Jones Parry, <span href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_%28UK%29" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</span><br /> 1837 – 1859: William Bulkeley Hughes, <span href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_%28UK%29" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</span><br /> 1859 – 1865: Charles Wynne, <span href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_%28UK%29" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</span><br /> 1865 – 1882: William Bulkeley Hughes, <span href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_%28UK%29" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</span><br /> 1882 – 1886: <span href="/wiki/Love_Jones-Parry" title="Love Jones-Parry">Love Jones-Parry</span>, <span href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_%28UK%29" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</span><br /> 1886 – 1890: Edmund Swetenham, <span href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_%28UK%29" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</span><br /> 1890 – 1945: <span href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</span>, <span href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_%28UK%29" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</span><br /> 1945 – 1945: <span href="/wiki/Seaborne_Davies" title="Seaborne Davies">Seaborne Davies</span>, <span href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_%28UK%29" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</span><br /> 1945 – 1950: <span href="/wiki/David_Archibald_Price-White" title="David Archibald Price-White">David Price-White</span>, <span href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_%28UK%29" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</span><br /> 1950 – 1974: <span href="/wiki/Goronwy_Roberts" title="Goronwy Roberts">Goronwy Roberts</span>, <span href="/wiki/Labour_Party_%28UK%29" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</span><br /> 1974 – 2001: <span href="/wiki/Dafydd_Wigley" title="Dafydd Wigley">Dafydd Wigley</span>, <span href="/wiki/Plaid_Cymru" title="Plaid Cymru">Plaid Cymru</span><br /> 2001 – <i>present</i>: <span href="/wiki/Hywel_Williams" title="Hywel Williams">Hywel Williams</span>, <span href="/wiki/Plaid_Cymru" title="Plaid Cymru">Plaid Cymru</span> <b> Members of Parliament</b><br /> <span name="Elections_in_the_2000s" id="Elections_in_the_2000s"></span><br /> <b> Elections</b><br /> <span name="Elections_in_the_1940s" id="Elections_in_the_1940s"></span><br /> <b> Elections in the 2000s</b><br /> <span name="Elections_in_the_1930s" id="Elections_in_the_1930s"></span><br /> <img src="http://www.hywelwilliams.org/constituency_maps/images/gif/area/caernarfon.GIF" alt="Caernarfon (UK Parliament constituency)" align="center" style="padding:10px" /> <b> Elections in the 1940s</b><br /> <span name="Elections_in_the_1920s" id="Elections_in_the_1920s"></span><br /> <b> Elections in the 1930s</b><br /> In the <span href="/wiki/1922_UK_general_election" title="1922 UK general election">1922 UK general election</span>, <span href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</span>, <span href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_%28UK%29" title="National Liberal Party (UK)">National Liberal</span> was elected unopposed.<br /> <span name="Elections_in_the_1910s" id="Elections_in_the_1910s"></span><br /> <b> Elections in the 1910s</b><br /> <span name="Elections_in_the_1890s" id="Elections_in_the_1890s"></span><br /> <b> Elections in the 1900s</b><br /> <span name="Elections_in_the_1880s" id="Elections_in_the_1880s"></span><br /> <b> Elections in the 1880s</b><br /> <span name="Sources" id="Sources"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/List_of_Parliamentary_constituencies_in_Gwynedd" title="List of Parliamentary constituencies in Gwynedd">List of Parliamentary constituencies in Gwynedd</span> allenwoowhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07230305915382288768noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2698456649659425471.post-90915477767337678862008-04-24T09:15:00.000-07:002008-04-24T11:47:40.817-07:00<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dumfries_and_Galloway.jpg/180px-Dumfries_and_Galloway.jpg" alt="Parton, Dumfries and Galloway" align="left" style="padding:10px" /> <b></b><br /> <span id="coordinates" class="plainlinksneverexpand"><span href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</span>: <span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><span href="http://tools.wikimedia.de/~magnus/geo/geohack.php?pagename=Parton%2C_Dumfries_and_Galloway&params=55.008_N_4.042_W_{{{5}}}" class="external text" title="http://tools.wikimedia.de/~magnus/geo/geohack.php?pagename=Parton%2C_Dumfries_and_Galloway&params=55.008_N_4.042_W_{{{5}}}" rel="nofollow"><span title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">55.008° N 4.042° W</span></span></span></span><br /> <b>Parton</b> is a <span href="/wiki/Village" title="Village">village</span> situated on the banks of the <span href="/wiki/River_Dee%2C_Galloway" title="River Dee, Galloway">River Dee</span> in <span href="/wiki/Dumfries_and_Galloway" title="Dumfries and Galloway">Dumfries and Galloway</span>, <span href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</span>.<br /> Prominent <span href="/wiki/Mathematical_physics" title="Mathematical physics">mathematical physicist</span> <span href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</span> lived at the nearby <span href="/wiki/Glenlair" title="Glenlair">Glenlair House</span>. He was famous for developing formulae governing <span href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</span> and <span href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">magnetism</span> as well as the <span href="/wiki/Maxwell-Boltzmann_distribution" title="Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution">Maxwell distribution</span> in the <span href="/wiki/Kinetic_theory" title="Kinetic theory">kinetic theory of gases</span>. Maxwell is buried under the family gravestone in the churchyard of <span href="/w/index.php?title=Parton_Kirk&action=edit" class="new" title="Parton Kirk">Parton Kirk</span> and a plate on the wall of the church commemorates him.<br /> <span href="/wiki/Red_Kites" title="Red Kites">Red Kites</span> have recently been introduced to the area and can be seen at <span href="http://www.gallowaykitetrail.com/gallowaykitetrail/redkiteparton.html" class="external text" title="http://www.gallowaykitetrail.com/gallowaykitetrail/redkiteparton.html" rel="nofollow">Parton viewing station</span><br /> Parton railway station was part of the <span href="/wiki/Portpatrick_Railway" title="Portpatrick Railway">Portpatrick line</span>, but closed in <span href="/wiki/1965" title="1965">1965</span>.<br /> allenwoowhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07230305915382288768noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2698456649659425471.post-52086555305798321582008-04-23T10:15:00.001-07:002008-04-23T10:15:59.129-07:00<img src="http://www.np.edu.sg/ba/achievements/PublishingImages/YalinTian.jpg" alt="Literature of Singapore" align="center" style="padding:10px" /> <b></b><br /> The <b>literature of Singapore</b> comprises a collection of literary works by <span href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singaporeans</span> in the country's four main languages: <span href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</span>, <span href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</span>, <span href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</span> and <span href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</span>.<br /> While Singaporean literary works may be considered as also belonging to the literature of their specific languages, the literature of Singapore is viewed as a distinct body of literature portraying various aspects of Singapore society and forms a significant part of the <span href="/wiki/Culture_of_Singapore" title="Culture of Singapore">culture of Singapore</span>. A number of Singaporean writers such as <span href="/wiki/Tan_Swie_Hian" title="Tan Swie Hian">Tan Swie Hian</span> and <span href="/w/index.php?title=Kuo_Pao_Kun&action=edit" class="new" title="Kuo Pao Kun">Kuo Pao Kun</span> have contributed work in more than one language. However, this cross-linguistic fertilisation is becoming increasingly rare and it is now increasingly thought that Singapore has four sub-literatures instead of one.<br /> <span name="Literature_in_English" id="Literature_in_English"></span><br /> <b> Literature in English</b><br /> Fiction writing in English did not start in earnest until after independence. Short stories flourished as a literary form, the novel arrived much later. Goh Poh Seng remains a pioneer in writing novels well before many of the later generation, with titles like <i>If We Dream Too Long</i> (1972) – widely recognised as the first true Singaporean novel – and <i>A Dance of Moths</i>.<br /> Although she began as a short story writer, <span href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</span>-born <span href="/wiki/Catherine_Lim" title="Catherine Lim">Catherine Lim</span> has been Singapore's most widely read author, thanks partly to her first two books, <i>Little Ironies: Stories of Singapore</i> (<span href="/wiki/1978" title="1978">1978</span>) and <i>Or Else, The Lightning God and Other Stories</i> (<span href="/wiki/1980" title="1980">1980</span>), which gained prestige by being incorporated into texts for the <span href="/wiki/GCSE" title="GCSE">GCSE</span>. Lim's themes of Asian male chauvinistic gender-dominance marked her as a distant cousin to Asian-American writers such as <span href="/wiki/Amy_Tan" title="Amy Tan">Amy Tan</span>. She has also been writing novels, such as <i>The Bondmaid</i> (<span href="/wiki/1998" title="1998">1998</span>) and <i>Following the Wrong Gods Home</i> (<span href="/wiki/2001" title="2001">2001</span>), and publishing them to an international audience since the late <span href="/wiki/1990s" title="1990s">1990s</span>.<br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Han_May&action=edit" class="new" title="Han May">Han May</span> is the pseudonym of Joan Hon who is better known for her non-fiction books. Her <span href="/wiki/Science-fiction" title="Science-fiction">science-fiction</span> romance <i>Star Sapphire</i> (<span href="/wiki/1985" title="1985">1985</span>) won a High Commendation Award from the Book Development Council of Singapore in 1986, the same year when she was also awarded a Commendation prize for her better-known book <i>Relatively Speaking</i> on her family and childhood memories.<br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Rex_Shelley&action=edit" class="new" title="Rex Shelley">Rex Shelley</span> hails from an earlier colonial generation, although he began publishing only in the early <span href="/wiki/1990s" title="1990s">1990s</span>. His first novel <i>The Shrimp People</i> (<span href="/wiki/1991" title="1991">1991</span>) won a National Book Prize.<br /> Another National Book Prize winner <span href="/wiki/Su-Chen_Christine_Lim" title="Su-Chen Christine Lim">Su-Chen Christine Lim</span>'s works are much more feminist-inclined, although she has moved beyond such distinctions in her latest novel <i>A Bit of Earth</i> (<span href="/wiki/2000" title="2000">2000</span>).<br /> <span href="/wiki/Gopal_Baratham" title="Gopal Baratham">Gopal Baratham</span>, a neurosurgeon, started as a short story writer and later wrote politically-charged works like <i>A Candle or the Sun</i> (<span href="/wiki/1991" title="1991">1991</span>) and <i>Sayang</i> (<span href="/wiki/1991" title="1991">1991</span>), which courted some controversy when first published. <span href="/wiki/Augustine_Goh_Sin_Tub" title="Augustine Goh Sin Tub">Augustine Goh Sin Tub</span> who began his writing career writing in Malay, burst on the literary scene after his retirement with more than a dozen books of short stories, most of which were founded on his own personal history, thus making them part fiction and part non-fiction. Works like <i>One Singapore</i> and its two sequels <i>One Singapore 2</i> and <i>One Singapore 3</i> have found fans among the different strata of Singapore society and well acclaimed by all.<br /> Around this time, younger writers emerged. <span href="/w/index.php?title=Clare_Tham&action=edit" class="new" title="Clare Tham">Clare Tham</span> and <span href="/w/index.php?title=Ovidia_Yu&action=edit" class="new" title="Ovidia Yu">Ovidia Yu</span> wrote short stories, while playwright <span href="/w/index.php?title=Stella_Kon&action=edit" class="new" title="Stella Kon">Stella Kon</span> put forth her lesser-known science-fiction novel, <i>Eston</i>. Of the younger generation, <span href="/wiki/Philip_Jeyaretnam" title="Philip Jeyaretnam">Philip Jeyaretnam</span> has shown promise but has not published a new novel since <i>Abraham's Promise</i> (<span href="/wiki/1995" title="1995">1995</span>), while <span href="/w/index.php?title=Colin_Cheong&action=edit" class="new" title="Colin Cheong">Colin Cheong</span> can lay claim to being one of Singapore's most prolific contemporary authors.<br /> <span name="List_of_Singaporean_writers" id="List_of_Singaporean_writers"></span><br /> <b> Fiction</b><br /> <span name="Selected_works" id="Selected_works"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Aaron_Lee" title="Aaron Lee">Aaron Lee</span>, poet and lawyer<br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Ghani_Bin_Abdul_Hamid&action=edit" class="new" title="Abdul Ghani Bin Abdul Hamid">Abdul Ghani Bin Abdul Hamid</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Alfian_Sa%27at" title="Alfian Sa'at">Alfian Sa'at</span>, playwright, poet and fiction writer<br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Ariff_Ahmad&action=edit" class="new" title="Muhammad Ariff Ahmad">Muhammad Ariff Ahmad</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Gopal_Baratham" title="Gopal Baratham">Gopal Baratham</span>, neurosurgeon and writer<br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Boey_Kim_Cheng&action=edit" class="new" title="Boey Kim Cheng">Boey Kim Cheng</span>, poet<br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Colin_Cheong&action=edit" class="new" title="Colin Cheong">Colin Cheong</span>, poet and novelist<br /> <span href="/wiki/Felix_Cheong" title="Felix Cheong">Felix Cheong</span>, Poet<br /> <span href="/wiki/Michael_Chiang" title="Michael Chiang">Michael Chiang</span>, playwright<br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Rohani_Din&action=edit" class="new" title="Rohani Din">Rohani Din</span><br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Ivy_Goh_Nair&action=edit" class="new" title="Ivy Goh Nair">Ivy Goh Nair</span>, Journalist and writer<br /> <span href="/wiki/Goh_Poh_Seng" title="Goh Poh Seng">Goh Poh Seng</span>, poet and novelist<br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Han_May&action=edit" class="new" title="Han May">Han May</span>, novelist and writer<br /> <span href="/wiki/Philip_Jeyaretnam" title="Philip Jeyaretnam">Philip Jeyaretnam</span>, novelist and lawyer<br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Rama_Kannabiran&action=edit" class="new" title="Rama Kannabiran">Rama Kannabiran</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Russell_Lee_%28writer%29" title="Russell Lee (writer)">Russell Lee</span><br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Jeffery_T.H._Lee&action=edit" class="new" title="Jeffery T.H. Lee">Jeffery T.H. Lee</span>, poet<br /> <span href="/wiki/Lee_Tzu_Pheng" title="Lee Tzu Pheng">Lee Tzu Pheng</span>, poet<br /> <span href="/wiki/Liang_Wern_Fook" title="Liang Wern Fook">Liang Wern Fook</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Catherine_Lim" title="Catherine Lim">Catherine Lim</span>, novelist<br /> <span href="/wiki/Su-Chen_Christine_Lim" title="Su-Chen Christine Lim">Su-Chen Christine Lim</span>, novelist<br /> <span href="/wiki/Shirley_Lim" title="Shirley Lim">Shirley Lim</span>, poet and critic<br /> <span href="/wiki/Chandran_Nair" title="Chandran Nair">Chandran Nair</span>, poet and Artist<br /> <span href="/wiki/Alvin_Pang" title="Alvin Pang">Alvin Pang</span>, poet and editor<br /> <span href="/wiki/Villayil_Raman_Gopala_Pillai" title="Villayil Raman Gopala Pillai">Villayil Raman Gopala Pillai</span>, Malayalam Novelist<br /> <span href="/wiki/Daren_Shiau" title="Daren Shiau">Daren Shiau</span>, poet, novelist and lawyer<br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Rex_Shelley&action=edit" class="new" title="Rex Shelley">Rex Shelley</span>, novelist<br /> <span href="/wiki/Robert_Yeo" title="Robert Yeo">Robert Yeo</span>, playwright and Poet<br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Kirpal_Singh_%28writer%29&action=edit" class="new" title="Kirpal Singh (writer)">Kirpal Singh</span>, poet and critic<br /> <span href="/wiki/Huzir_Sulaiman" title="Huzir Sulaiman">Huzir Sulaiman</span>, playwright<br /> <span href="/wiki/Hwee_Hwee_Tan" title="Hwee Hwee Tan">Hwee Hwee Tan</span>, novelist<br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Colin_Tan&action=edit" class="new" title="Colin Tan">Colin Tan</span>, poet<br /> <span href="/wiki/Tan_Swie_Hian" title="Tan Swie Hian">Tan Swie Hian</span>, poet, translator, calligrapher, and artist<br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Simon_Tay&action=edit" class="new" title="Simon Tay">Simon Tay</span>, poet and lawyer<br /> <span href="/wiki/Tan_Tarn_How" title="Tan Tarn How">Tan Tarn How</span>, playwright<br /> <span href="/wiki/Edwin_Thumboo" title="Edwin Thumboo">Edwin Thumboo</span>, poet and academic<br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=I_Ulaganathan&action=edit" class="new" title="I Ulaganathan">I Ulaganathan</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/James_Villanueva" title="James Villanueva">James Villanueva</span>, textbook-writer, poet, novelist, playwright<br /> <span href="/wiki/Cyril_Wong" title="Cyril Wong">Cyril Wong</span>, poet and countertenor<br /> <span href="/wiki/Eleanor_Wong_%28playwright%29" title="Eleanor Wong (playwright)">Eleanor Wong</span>, academic lawyer and playwright<br /> <span href="/wiki/Arthur_Yap" title="Arthur Yap">Arthur Yap</span>, poet<br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Yeow_Kai_Chai&action=edit" class="new" title="Yeow Kai Chai">Yeow Kai Chai</span>, poet and journalist<br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Yim_Kein_Kwok&action=edit" class="new" title="Yim Kein Kwok">Yim Kein Kwok</span>, novelist and businessman<br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Yong_Shu_Hoong&action=edit" class="new" title="Yong Shu Hoong">Yong Shu Hoong</span>, poet<br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Ovidia_Yu&action=edit" class="new" title="Ovidia Yu">Ovidia Yu</span>, playwright and novelist <b> List of Singaporean writers</b><br /> <span name="English" id="English"></span><br /> <b> Selected works</b><br /> <span name="Chinese" id="Chinese"></span><br /> <i>After the Hard Hours, This Rain</i> - <span href="/wiki/Chandran_Nair" title="Chandran Nair">Chandran Nair</span> (1975)<br /> <i><span href="/wiki/Army_Daze" title="Army Daze">Army Daze</span></i> - Michael Chiang (1984)<br /> <i>Star Sapphire</i> - <span href="/w/index.php?title=Han_May&action=edit" class="new" title="Han May">Han May</span> (1985)<br /> <i>Below: Absence</i> - <span href="/wiki/Cyril_Wong" title="Cyril Wong">Cyril Wong</span> (2002)<br /> <i>The Bondmaid</i> - Catherine Lim (1995)<br /> <i>The Brink of an Amen</i> - Lee Tzu Pheng (1991)<br /> <i>Eight Plays</i> - Huzir Sulaiman (2002)<br /> <i>First Loves</i> - <span href="/wiki/Philip_Jeyaretnam" title="Philip Jeyaretnam">Philip Jeyaretnam</span> (1988)<br /> <i>Fistful Of Colours</i> - <span href="/wiki/Su-Chen_Christine_Lim" title="Su-Chen Christine Lim">Su-Chen Christine Lim</span> (1993)<br /> <i>Foreign Bodies</i> - Hwee Hwee Tan (1997)<br /> <i>Frottage</i> - Yong Shu Hoong (2005)<br /> <i>I Chose to Climb</i> - Colin Tan (2001)<br /> <i>I Remember May</i> - Yim Kein Kwok (2001)<br /> <i>If We Dream Too Long</i> - Goh Poh Seng (1973)<br /> <i>Mammon Inc.</i> - Hwee Hwee Tan (2001)<br /> <i>Man Snake Apple</i> - <span href="/wiki/Arthur_Yap" title="Arthur Yap">Arthur Yap</span> (1988)<br /> <i>Once the Horsemen and Other Poems' - <span href="/wiki/Chandran_Nair" title="Chandran Nair">Chandran Nair</span> (1972)</i><br /> <i>Ricebowl</i> - <span href="/wiki/Su-Chen_Christine_Lim" title="Su-Chen Christine Lim">Su-Chen Christine Lim</span> (1984)<br /> <i>Singapore Accent</i> - <span href="/w/index.php?title=Ivy_Goh_Nair&action=edit" class="new" title="Ivy Goh Nair">Ivy Goh Nair</span>,aka B J Wu (1980)<br /> <i>The Sea is Never Full</i> - <span href="/w/index.php?title=Jeffery_T.H._Lee&action=edit" class="new" title="Jeffery T.H. Lee">Jeffery T.H. Lee</span> (1994)<br /> <i>The Shrimp People</i> - Rex Shelley (1991)<br /> <i>The Space of City Trees</i> - Arthur Yap (2000)<br /> <i>The Stolen Child</i> - Colin Cheong (1989)<br /> <i>A Third Map</i> - <span href="/wiki/Edwin_Thumboo" title="Edwin Thumboo">Edwin Thumboo</span> (1993)<br /> <i>City of Rain</i> - <span href="/wiki/Alvin_Pang" title="Alvin Pang">Alvin Pang</span> (2003)<br /> <i>Unmarked Treasure</i> - Cyril Wong (2004)<br /> <i>The Visage of Terrorism - The Hounds of Hell</i> - <span href="/wiki/James_Villanueva" title="James Villanueva">James Villanueva</span> (2006/2004)<br /> <i>A Visitation of Sunlight</i> - Aaron Lee (1997) <b> English</b><br /> <span name="Malay" id="Malay"></span><br /> <b> Chinese</b><br /> <span name="Tamil" id="Tamil"></span><br /> <i>Jangan Tak Ada</i> (collection of poems) - Muhammad Ariff Ahmad (1990)<br /> <i>Diari Bonda</i> (Mother's Diary) - Rohani Din (1997)<br /> <i>Anugerah Buat Syamsiah</i> (An Award for Syamsiah) - Rohani Din (2001) allenwoowhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07230305915382288768noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2698456649659425471.post-46482427851727684092008-04-22T09:17:00.001-07:002008-04-22T09:17:06.228-07:00<img src="http://www.woodstockfilmfestival.com/images/shorts/TwinTowers.jpg" alt="Twin Towers (film)" align="left" style="padding:10px" /> <b></b><br /> <i><b>Twin Towers</b></i> is a <span href="/wiki/2003" title="2003">2003</span> short documentary film directed by Bill Guttentag and Robert David Port, depicting the <span href="/wiki/September_11%2C_2001_attacks" title="September 11, 2001 attacks">September 11, 2001 attacks</span> on the <span href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center" title="World Trade Center">World Trade Center</span>. The film was awarded an <span href="/wiki/Academy_Award" title="Academy Award">Oscar</span> for best <span href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Documentary_Short_Subject" title="Academy Award for Documentary Short Subject">Documentary Short Subject</span>.<br /> <span name="See_also" id="See_also"></span><br /> allenwoowhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07230305915382288768noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2698456649659425471.post-23673518982715181902008-04-21T08:46:00.000-07:002008-04-21T08:47:04.023-07:00<img src="http://www.fishingmap.com/media/kf/kf_307_300h.jpg" alt="Peachtree Creek" align="left" style="padding:10px" /> <b></b><br /> <b>Peachtree Creek</b> is a major <span href="/wiki/Stream" title="Stream">stream</span> in <span href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</span>. It is located entirely within both the city and <span href="/wiki/Fulton_County%2C_Georgia" title="Fulton County, Georgia">Fulton County, Georgia</span>, and flows almost due west into the <span href="/wiki/Chattahoochee_River" title="Chattahoochee River">Chattahoochee River</span> just south of <span href="/wiki/Vinings" title="Vinings">Vinings</span>. Like other "Peachtree" names in the area, the name is most likely a <span href="/wiki/Corruption_%28linguistics%29" title="Corruption (linguistics)">corruption</span> of "<span href="/wiki/Pitch_%28resin%29" title="Pitch (resin)">pitch</span> <span href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">tree</span>", from the area's many <span href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pines</span> and their sticky <span href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">sap</span>.<br /> Its two major <span href="/wiki/Tributaries" title="Tributaries">tributaries</span> are <b>North Fork Peachtree Creek</b> and <b>South Fork Peachtree Creek</b>. The northern fork begins at the edge of <span href="/wiki/Gwinnett_County" title="Gwinnett County">Gwinnett County</span> and flows southwest, almost perfectly parallel to <span href="/wiki/Interstate_85" title="Interstate 85">Interstate 85</span> through <span href="/wiki/DeKalb_County%2C_Georgia" title="DeKalb County, Georgia">DeKalb County</span>. It ends at its <span href="/wiki/Confluence_%28geography%29" title="Confluence (geography)">confluence</span> with the southern fork, next to where the <span href="/wiki/Highway" title="Highway">highway</span> meets <span href="/wiki/Georgia_400" title="Georgia 400">Georgia 400</span>. The southern fork begins in <span href="/wiki/Clarkston%2C_Georgia" title="Clarkston, Georgia">Clarkston</span> and flows west, crossing under part of the <span href="/wiki/Stone_Mountain_Expressway" title="Stone Mountain Expressway">Stone Mountain Expressway</span> and quickly back again, west (inside) of <span href="/wiki/The_Perimeter" title="The Perimeter">the Perimeter</span>. The southern edge of its <span href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">watershed</span> borders the <span href="/wiki/Eastern_Continental_Divide" title="Eastern Continental Divide">Eastern Continental Divide</span>.<br /> Since <span href="/wiki/1912" title="1912">1912</span>, the <span href="/wiki/River_gauge" title="River gauge">river gauge</span> on Peachtree Creek is located where it crosses Northside Drive just east of <span href="/wiki/Interstate_75" title="Interstate 75">Interstate 75</span>, just northwest of the <span href="/wiki/Brookwood_Split" title="Brookwood Split">Brookwood Split</span> (where <span href="/wiki/Interstate_85" title="Interstate 85">Interstate 85</span> leaves 75). It is located at <span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><span href="http://tools.wikimedia.de/~magnus/geo/geohack.php?pagename=Peachtree_Creek&params=33_49_10_N_84_24_28_W_" class="external text" title="http://tools.wikimedia.de/~magnus/geo/geohack.php?pagename=Peachtree_Creek&params=33_49_10_N_84_24_28_W_" rel="nofollow"><span title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span style="white-space:nowrap">33°49′10″N,</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">84°24′28″W</span></span></span></span>, at 764 feet or 233 meters <span href="/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" title="Above mean sea level">above mean sea level</span>. A one-inch (25.4 mm) rainfall puts approximately 1.5 billion gallons or almost 6 billion liters into the watershed, by <span href="/wiki/USGS" title="USGS">USGS</span> calculations. That watershed (above the gauge only) is 86.8 <span href="/wiki/Square_mile" title="Square mile">square miles</span> or 224.8 <span href="/wiki/Square_kilometer" title="Square kilometer">square kilometers</span>. There is also <span href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">water quality</span> <span href="/wiki/Monitoring" title="Monitoring">monitoring</span> <span href="/wiki/Equipment" title="Equipment">equipment</span> there, all transmitted to <span href="/wiki/GOES" title="GOES">GOES</span> <span href="/wiki/Weather_satellite" title="Weather satellite">weather satellites</span> and back down to the USGS in <span href="/wiki/Real_time" title="Real time">real time</span>. Prior to this current system, daily flow and water quality sampling were done as far back as <span href="/wiki/1958" title="1958">1958</span> and <span href="/wiki/1959" title="1959">1959</span>, respectively. Records for this site are maintained by the <span href="/w/index.php?title=USGS_Georgia_Water_Science_Center&action=edit" class="new" title="USGS Georgia Water Science Center">USGS Georgia Water Science Center</span>.<br /> <span href="/wiki/Flood_stage" title="Flood stage">Flood stage</span> is 17.0 feet or 5.2 meters depth, and due to the heavy <span href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</span> in the area, it often reaches above this mark during heavy <span href="/wiki/Storm" title="Storm">storms</span>. Peachtree Creek suffered massive <span href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">flooding</span> after <span href="/wiki/Hurricane_Frances" title="Hurricane Frances">Hurricane Frances</span> was followed by <span href="/wiki/Hurricane_Ivan" title="Hurricane Ivan">Hurricane Ivan</span> in <span href="/wiki/September_2004" title="September 2004">September 2004</span>. It reached its highest official flood record ever, which actually washed away its gauge. Late on <span href="/wiki/September_16" title="September 16">September 16th</span>, it reached a stage of 22.63 feet or 6.90 meters, a flow of 14,200 cubic feet (106,223 gallons) or 402 cubic meters (402,100 liters) per second, and a width of 450 feet or 137 meters. This is about ten times its normal width, three times its normal speed, and 300 times its normal flow.<br /> The worst flood ever occurred in <span href="/wiki/1919" title="1919">1919</span>, when on <span href="/wiki/January_29" title="January 29">January 29th</span> it reached a flow of about 21,000 cubic feet (160,000 gallons) or 600 cubic meters (600,000 liters) per second. Another occurred in <span href="/wiki/1912" title="1912">1912</span> just above the 2004 event, another in <span href="/wiki/1915" title="1915">1915</span> just below it. (Prior to the <span href="/wiki/1940s" title="1940s">1940s</span>, there are no records for depth.) Base flow for the stream is about 67 cubic feet per second, and a depth of about 3 feet or 0.9 meters.<br /> Peachtree Creek is also an important part of the area <span href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</span>. <span href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Peachtree&action=edit" class="new" title="Fort Peachtree">Fort Peachtree</span> was built near the creek and the <span href="/wiki/Chattahoochee_River" title="Chattahoochee River">Chattahoochee River</span> to guard against the <span href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</span>, who were in the <span href="/wiki/Cherokee_County%2C_Georgia" title="Cherokee County, Georgia">Cherokee County territory</span> northwest of the river. During the <span href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</span>, the <span href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peachtree_Creek" title="Battle of Peachtree Creek">Battle of Peachtree Creek</span> was a major <span href="/wiki/Battle" title="Battle">battle</span> of the <span href="/wiki/Atlanta_Campaign" title="Atlanta Campaign">Atlanta Campaign</span>. <span href="/wiki/Pace%27s_Ferry" title="Pace's Ferry">Pace's Ferry</span> was built across the river near the creek, and Paces Ferry Road still runs roughly parallel to the creek.<br /> Other major creeks in Atlanta include <span href="/wiki/Nancy_Creek_%28Atlanta%29" title="Nancy Creek (Atlanta)">Nancy Creek</span> (which its meets at its end), and <span href="/wiki/Proctor_Creek" title="Proctor Creek">Proctor Creek</span>.<br /> <span name="External_links" id="External_links"></span><br /> allenwoowhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07230305915382288768noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2698456649659425471.post-83223476206151849312008-04-20T10:11:00.001-07:002008-04-20T10:11:53.044-07:00<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Brewster_Higley_VI.jpg/175px-Brewster_Higley_VI.jpg" alt="David Brewster (disambiguation)" align="left" style="padding:10px" /> <b></b><br /> <b>David Brewster</b> is the name of:<br /> <span href="/wiki/David_Brewster" title="David Brewster">David Brewster</span> (1781-1868), Scottish scientist, inventor and writer<br /> <span href="/wiki/David_Josiah_Brewer" title="David Josiah Brewer">David Josiah Brewer</span> (1837-1910), American jurist<br /> <span href="/wiki/David_P._Brewster" title="David P. Brewster">David P. Brewster</span> (1801-1876), U.S. Representative from New York<br /> David Brewster, President, COO, & Co-Founder of <span href="/wiki/Enernoc" title="Enernoc">EnerNOC</span> allenwoowhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07230305915382288768noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2698456649659425471.post-25111907904968581842008-04-19T08:24:00.001-07:002008-04-19T08:24:17.051-07:00<img src="http://www.ucl.ac.uk/Bentham-Project/site_images/sully_lith_1827600h.jpg" alt="Jeremy Bentham" align="right" style="padding:10px" /> <b> Life</b><br /> Bentham has a complicated publishing history. Most of his writing was never published in his own lifetime; much of that which was published (see this <span href="http://socserv.mcmaster.ca/econ/ugcm/3ll3/bentham/benbib.htm" class="external text" title="http://socserv.mcmaster.ca/econ/ugcm/3ll3/bentham/benbib.htm" rel="nofollow">list of published works</span>) was prepared for publication by others.<br /> Works published in Bentham's lifetime included:<br /> The essay <span href="http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/eresources/exhibitions/sw25/bentham/index.html" class="external text" title="http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/eresources/exhibitions/sw25/bentham/index.html" rel="nofollow"><i>Offences Against One's Self,</i></span> argued for the liberalisation of laws prohibiting homosexuality.<br /> Several of Bentham's works appeared first in French translation, prepared for the press by <span href="/wiki/Pierre_%C3%89tienne_Louis_Dumont" title="Pierre Étienne Louis Dumont">Étienne Dumont</span>. Some made their first appearance in English in the 1820s as a result of back-translation from Dumont's 1802 collection (and redaction) of Bentham's writing on civil and penal legislation.<br /> <span href="/wiki/John_Bowring" title="John Bowring">John Bowring</span>, a British politician who had been Bentham's trusted friend, was appointed his <span href="/wiki/Literary_executor" title="Literary executor">literary executor</span> and charged with the task of preparing a collected edition of his works. This appeared in 11 volumes in 1838-1843: Bowring based his edition on previously published editions (including those of Dumont) rather than Bentham's own manuscripts, and did not reprint Bentham's works on religion at all.<br /> In 1952-54 Wilhelm Stark published a three-volume set, "Jeremy Bentham's Economic Writings," in which he attempted to bring together all of Bentham's writings on economic matters, including both published and unpublished material. Not trusting Bowring's edition, he painstakingly reviewed thousands of Bentham's original manuscripts and notes, a task made monumentally more difficult due to the manner in which they had been left by Bentham and organized by Bowring.<br /> Bentham left manuscripts amounting to some 5,000,000 words. Since 1968, the <span href="http://www.ucl.ac.uk/Bentham-Project/" class="external text" title="http://www.ucl.ac.uk/Bentham-Project/" rel="nofollow">Bentham Project</span> at University College London have been busy working on an edition of his collected work. So far, 25 volumes have appeared; there may be as many still to come before the project is completed.<br /> <span name="Utilitarianism" id="Utilitarianism"></span><br /> <span href="http://www.ecn.bris.ac.uk/het/bentham/government.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.ecn.bris.ac.uk/het/bentham/government.htm" rel="nofollow"><i>Fragment on Government</i></span> (1776). This was an unsparing criticism of some introductory passages relating to political theory in <span href="/wiki/William_Blackstone" title="William Blackstone">William Blackstone</span>'s <i><span href="/wiki/Commentaries_on_the_Laws_of_England" title="Commentaries on the Laws of England">Commentaries on the Laws of England</span></i>. The book, published anonymously, was well-received and credited to some of the greatest minds of the time. Bentham disagreed with Blackstone's defence of judge-made law, his defence of legal fictions, his theological formulation of the doctrine of mixed government, his appeal to a social contract and his use of the vocabulary of natural law. Bentham's "Fragment" was only a small part of a "Commentary on the Commentaries", which remained unpublished until the twentieth century.<br /> <i>Introduction to Principles of Morals and Legislation</i> (printed for publication 1780, published 1789)<br /> <span href="http://socserv2.mcmaster.ca./~econ/ugcm/3ll3/bentham/usury" class="external text" title="http://socserv2.mcmaster.ca./~econ/ugcm/3ll3/bentham/usury" rel="nofollow"><i>Defence of Usury</i></span> (1787)<br /> <i>Panopticon</i> (<span href="http://cartome.org/panopticon2.htm" class="external text" title="http://cartome.org/panopticon2.htm" rel="nofollow">1787</span>, 1791). The proposed <span href="/wiki/Panopticon" title="Panopticon">Panopticon</span> was a prison-house, the architectural principles of which incorporated novel principles of prison discipline and administration.<br /> <i>Emancipate your Colonies</i> (1793)<br /> <i>Traité de Législation Civile et Penale</i> (1802, edited by Étienne Dumont. 3 vols)<br /> <i>Punishments and Rewards</i> (1811)<br /> <span href="http://www.la.utexas.edu/research/poltheory/bentham/springs/springs.toc.html" class="external text" title="http://www.la.utexas.edu/research/poltheory/bentham/springs/springs.toc.html" rel="nofollow"><i>A Table of the Springs of Action</i></span> (1815)<br /> <i>Parliamentary Reform Catechism</i> (1817)<br /> <i>Church-of-Englandism</i> (printed 1817, published 1818)<br /> <span href="http://www.constitution.org/jb/packing.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.constitution.org/jb/packing.htm" rel="nofollow"><i>Elements of the Art of Packing</i></span> (1821)<br /> <i>The Influence of Natural Religion upon the Temporal Happiness of Mankind</i> (1822, written with George Grote and published under the pseudonym Philip Beauchamp)<br /> <i>Not Paul But Jesus</i> (1823, published under the pseudonym Gamaliel Smith)<br /> <i>Book of Fallacies</i> (1824)<br /> <i>A Treatise on Judicial Evidence</i> (1825) <b> Works</b><br /> Bentham's ambition in life was to create a "Pannomion", a complete Utilitarian code of law. Bentham not only proposed many legal and social reforms, but also expounded an underlying moral principle on which they should be based. This philosophy, <span href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">utilitarianism</span>, argued that the right act or policy was that which would cause "the greatest happiness of the greatest number" — a phrase of which he is generally, though erroneously, regarded as the author — though he later dropped the second qualification and embraced what he called "the <span href="/wiki/Greatest_happiness_principle" title="Greatest happiness principle">greatest happiness principle</span>," often referred to as the principle of utility.<br /> Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure. It is for them alone to point out what we ought to do, as well as to determine what we shall do. On the one hand the standard of right and wrong, on the other the chain of causes and effects, are fastened to their throne. They govern us in all we do, in all we say, in all we think...<br /> He attributed his theory to <span href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</span>: "Priestley was the first (unless it was <span href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</span>) who taught my lips to pronounce this sacred truth:- That the greatest happiness of the greatest number is the foundation of morals and legislation."<br /> He also suggested a procedure for estimating the moral status of any action, which he called the Hedonic or <span href="/wiki/Felicific_calculus" title="Felicific calculus">felicific calculus</span>. Utilitarianism was revised and expanded by Bentham's student, <span href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</span>. In Mill's hands, "Benthamism" became a major element in the <span href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">liberal</span> conception of state policy objectives.<br /> It is often said that Bentham's theory, unlike Mill's, faces the problem of lacking a principle of fairness embodied in a conception of <span href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justice</span>. In "Bentham and the Common Law Tradition", Gerald J. Postema states, "No moral concept suffers more at Bentham's hand than the concept of justice. There is no sustained, mature analysis of the notion ..." (<i>ibid</i>, p. 148). Thus, some critics object, it would be moral, for example, to <span href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</span> one person if this would produce an amount of happiness in other people outweighing the unhappiness of the tortured individual - <i>cf. "<span href="/wiki/The_Ones_Who_Walk_Away_From_Omelas" title="The Ones Who Walk Away From Omelas">The Ones Who Walk Away From Omelas</span>"</i>. However, as P. J. Kelly argued in his book, <i>Utilitarianism and Distributive Justice: Jeremy Bentham and the Civil Law</i>, Bentham had a theory of justice that prevented such consequences. According to Kelly, for Bentham the law "provides the basic framework of social interaction by delimiting spheres of personal inviolability within which individuals can form and pursue their own conceptions of well-being." (<i>ibid</i>, p. 81). They provide security, a precondition for the formation of expectations. As the hedonic calculus shows "<span href="/wiki/Expectation_utilities" title="Expectation utilities">expectation utilities</span>" to be much higher than natural ones, it follows that Bentham does not favour the sacrifice of a few to the benefit of the many.<br /> <span name="Economics" id="Economics"></span><br /> <b> Utilitarianism</b><br /> His opinions about <span href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">monetary economics</span> were totally different from those of Ricardo; however, they had some similarities to those of Thornton. He focused on monetary expansion as a means of helping to create full employment. He was also aware of the relevance of forced saving, propensity to consume, the saving-investment relationship and other matters that form the content of modern income and employment analysis. His monetary view was close to the fundamental concepts employed in his model of utilitarian decision making. Bentham stated that pleasures and pains can be ranked according to their value or "dimension" such as intensity, duration, certainty of a pleasure or a pain. He was concerned with maxima and minima of pleasures and pains, and they set a precedent for the future employment of the maximization principle in the economics of the consumer, the firm and the search for an optimum in welfare economics (Spiegel, p. 341-343).<br /> <span name="Animal_rights" id="Animal_rights"></span><br /> <b> Economics</b><br /> Bentham is widely recognised as one of the earliest proponents of <span href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">animal rights</span>. He argued that animal pain is very similar to human pain, and that "[t]he day may come when the rest of the animal creation may acquire those rights which never could have been witholden from them but by the hand of tyranny."<br /> <span name="Bentham_and_collectivism" id="Bentham_and_collectivism"></span><br /> <b> Animal rights</b><br /> Bentham's ideas were severely criticised by, among others, <span href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</span> economist <span href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</span> in his essay, <i>Jeremy Bentham: The Utilitarian as Big Brother</i> published in his work, <i>Classical Economics</i>. The Canadian author Brebner wrote in 1948 that "British laissez faire was a political and economic myth...Jeremy Bentham and <span href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</span>, who have been commonly represented as typical, almost fundamental, formulators of laissez faire, were in fact the opposite, that is, the formulator of state intervention for <span href="/wiki/Collectivism" title="Collectivism">collectivist</span> ends and his devout apostle."<br /> <span name="See_also" id="See_also"></span><br /> <b> See also</b><br /> <span name="Further_reading" id="Further_reading"></span><br /> Robinson, Dave & Groves, Judy (2003). <i>Introducing Political Philosophy</i>. Icon Books. <span href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=184046450X" class="internal">ISBN 1-84046-450-X</span>.<br /> Spiegel (1991). "The growth of Economic Thought", Ed.3. Duke University. <span href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=0822309734" class="internal">ISBN 0-8223-0973-4</span>.<br /> Murray N. Rothbard (1995).<i>Classical Economics: An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought</i>. Edward Elgar Publishing. <span href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=185278962X" class="internal">ISBN 1-85278-962-X</span> allenwoowhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07230305915382288768noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2698456649659425471.post-25686892384944589982008-04-18T08:08:00.001-07:002008-04-18T08:08:35.420-07:00 <b></b><br /> <span href="/wiki/List_of_Acts_of_Parliament_of_the_English_Parliament_to_1601" title="List of Acts of Parliament of the English Parliament to 1601">Acts of English Parliament to 1601</span> <span href="/wiki/List_of_Acts_of_Parliament_of_the_English_Parliament%2C_1603_to_1641" title="List of Acts of Parliament of the English Parliament, 1603 to 1641">Acts of English Parliament to 1641</span> <span href="/wiki/List_of_Acts_and_Ordinances_of_the_Parliament_of_England%2C_1642_to_1660" title="List of Acts and Ordinances of the Parliament of England, 1642 to 1660">Acts and Ordinances (Interregnum) to 1660</span> <span href="/wiki/List_of_Acts_of_Parliament_of_the_English_Parliament%2C_1660_to_1699" title="List of Acts of Parliament of the English Parliament, 1660 to 1699">Acts of English Parliament to 1699</span> <span href="/wiki/List_of_Acts_of_Parliament_of_the_English_Parliament%2C_1700_to_1706" title="List of Acts of Parliament of the English Parliament, 1700 to 1706">Acts of English Parliament to 1706</span> <span href="/wiki/List_of_Acts_of_the_Scottish_Parliament_to_1707" title="List of Acts of the Scottish Parliament to 1707">Acts of Parliament of Scotland</span> <span href="/wiki/List_of_Acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Ireland_to_1700" title="List of Acts of the Parliament of Ireland to 1700">Acts of Irish Parliament to 1700</span> <span href="/wiki/List_of_Acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Ireland%2C_1701_to_1800" title="List of Acts of the Parliament of Ireland, 1701 to 1800">Acts of Irish Parliament to 1800</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/List_of_Acts_of_Parliament_of_the_Great_Britain_Parliament%2C_1707-1719" title="List of Acts of Parliament of the Great Britain Parliament, 1707-1719">1707–1719</span> | <span href="/wiki/List_of_Acts_of_Parliament_of_the_Great_Britain_Parliament%2C_1720-1739" title="List of Acts of Parliament of the Great Britain Parliament, 1720-1739">1720–1739</span> | <span href="/wiki/List_of_Acts_of_Parliament_of_the_Great_Britain_Parliament%2C_1740-1759" title="List of Acts of Parliament of the Great Britain Parliament, 1740-1759">1740–1759</span> <span href="/wiki/List_of_Acts_of_Parliament_of_the_Great_Britain_Parliament%2C_1760-1779" title="List of Acts of Parliament of the Great Britain Parliament, 1760-1779">1760–1779</span> | <span href="/wiki/List_of_Acts_of_Parliament_of_the_Great_Britain_Parliament%2C_1780-1800" title="List of Acts of Parliament of the Great Britain Parliament, 1780-1800">1780–1800</span> | <span href="/wiki/List_of_Acts_of_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom_Parliament%2C_1801-1819" title="List of Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom Parliament, 1801-1819">1801–1819</span> <span href="/wiki/List_of_Acts_of_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom_Parliament%2C_1820-1839" title="List of Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom Parliament, 1820-1839">1820–1839</span> | <span href="/wiki/List_of_Acts_of_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom_Parliament%2C_1840-1859" title="List of Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom Parliament, 1840-1859">1840–1859</span> | <span href="/wiki/List_of_Acts_of_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom_Parliament%2C_1860-1879" title="List of Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom Parliament, 1860-1879">1860–1879</span> <span href="/wiki/List_of_Acts_of_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom_Parliament%2C_1880-1899" title="List of Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom Parliament, 1880-1899">1880–1899</span> | <span href="/wiki/List_of_Acts_of_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom_Parliament%2C_1900-1919" title="List of Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom Parliament, 1900-1919">1900–1919</span> | <span href="/wiki/List_of_Acts_of_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom_Parliament%2C_1920-1939" title="List of Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom Parliament, 1920-1939">1920–1939</span> <span href="/wiki/List_of_Acts_of_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom_Parliament%2C_1940-1959" title="List of Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom Parliament, 1940-1959">1940–1959</span> | <span href="/wiki/List_of_Acts_of_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom_Parliament%2C_1960-1979" title="List of Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom Parliament, 1960-1979">1960–1979</span> | <span href="/wiki/List_of_Acts_of_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom_Parliament%2C_1980-1999" title="List of Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom Parliament, 1980-1999">1980–1999</span> <span href="/wiki/List_of_Acts_of_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom_Parliament%2C_2000-Present" title="List of Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom Parliament, 2000-Present">2000–Present</span><br /> The <b>Representation of the People Act 1918</b> was an <span href="/wiki/Act_of_Parliament" title="Act of Parliament">Act of Parliament</span> passed to reform the <span href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Elections in the United Kingdom">electoral system</span> in the <span href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</span>. It is sometimes known as the Fourth <span href="/wiki/Reform_Act" title="Reform Act">Reform Act</span>.<br /> Following the horrors of <span href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</span>, millions of returning soldiers were still not entitled to vote. This posed a dilemma for politicians since they could not withhold the vote from the very men who were considered to have fought to preserve the British political system.<br /> The Representation of the People Act 1918 widened <span href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">suffrage</span> by abolishing practically all property qualifications for men and by enfranchising women over 30 who met minimum property qualifications. The enfranchisement of this latter group was accepted as recognition of the contribution made by women defence workers. However, women were still not politically equal to men (who could vote from the age of 21); full electoral equality wouldn't occur until the <span href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1928" title="Representation of the People Act 1928">Representation of the People Act 1928</span>.<br /> These changes saw the size of the electorate triple from 7.7 million to 21.4 million. Women now accounted for about 43% of the electorate. It is worth noting that had women been enfranchised based upon the same requirements as men, they would have been in the majority, due to the loss of men in the war. This may explain why the age of 30 was settled on.<br /> In addition to the suffrage changes, the Act also instituted the present system of holding general elections on one day, (as opposed to being staggered over a period of weeks), and brought in the annual <span href="/wiki/Electoral_register" title="Electoral register">electoral register</span>.<br /> The first election held under the new system was the <span href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_general_election%2C_1918" title="United Kingdom general election, 1918">1918 general election</span>.<br /> According to <span href="/wiki/Eric_J._Evans" title="Eric J. Evans">Eric J. Evans</span>, a renowned parliamentary historian, "Britain was jerked into democracy by the horrendous discontinuity of the First World War."<br /> However there were serious limitations to this act that was meant to change the face of British democracy. The act still did not create a system of <i><span href="/wiki/One_person%2C_one_vote" title="One person, one vote">one person, one vote</span></i>. 7% of the population enjoyed a <span href="/wiki/Plural_voting" title="Plural voting">plural vote</span> in the 1918 election: mostly middle-class men who had an extra vote due to a <span href="/wiki/University_constituency" title="University constituency">university constituency</span> (this act increased the university vote by creating the <span href="/wiki/Combined_English_Universities_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29" title="Combined English Universities (UK Parliament constituency)">Combined English Universities</span> seats) or a spreading of business into other constituencies. There was also a significant inequality between the voting rights of men and women. Women could only vote if they were over 30 and<br /> <img src="http://www.learningcurve.gov.uk/britain1906to1918/g4/images/g4_bg_title_image.gif" alt="Representation of the People Act 1918" align="left" style="padding:10px" /> a ) a local government elector through <span href="/w/index.php?title=Property_qualification&action=edit" class="new" title="Property qualification">property qualification</span> or<br /> b ) married to a husband who was so enfranchised, or<br /> c ) entitled to vote for a university constituency.<br /> <span name="See_also" id="See_also"></span><br /> allenwoowhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07230305915382288768noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2698456649659425471.post-27849310513215285682008-04-17T09:44:00.001-07:002008-04-17T09:44:41.952-07:00<img src="http://217.13.116.51/fotos/noticias/jornada1/med_427_32.jpg" alt="Alphonso Ford" align="left" style="padding:10px" /> <b></b><br /> <b>Alphonso Gene Ford</b> (<span href="/wiki/October_31" title="October 31">October 31</span>, <span href="/wiki/1971" title="1971">1971</span> in <span href="/wiki/Greenwood%2C_Mississippi" title="Greenwood, Mississippi">Greenwood, Mississippi</span> – <span href="/wiki/September_4" title="September 4">September 4</span>, <span href="/wiki/2004" title="2004">2004</span> in <span href="/wiki/Memphis%2C_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</span>) was an <span href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</span> <span href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</span> player in the <span href="/wiki/Euroleague" title="Euroleague">Euroleague</span>.<br /> Ford was a high school star player for <span href="/w/index.php?title=Amanda_Elzy_High_School&action=edit" class="new" title="Amanda Elzy High School">Amanda Elzy High School</span> in <span href="/wiki/Greenwood%2C_Mississippi" title="Greenwood, Mississippi">Greenwood, Mississippi</span>. Upon entering college, Ford led the entire <span href="/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association" title="National Collegiate Athletic Association">NCAA</span> in freshman scoring in 1989-1990 with a 29.9 point per game average. His sophomore year, he averaged 32.9 points per game, second only to <span href="/wiki/Bo_Kimble" title="Bo Kimble">Bo Kimble</span> of <span href="/wiki/Loyola_Marymount_University" title="Loyola Marymount University">Loyola Marymount University</span>. His 3,165 career points are 4th all time behind <span href="/wiki/Pete_Maravich" title="Pete Maravich">Pete Maravich</span>, <span href="/wiki/Freeman_Williams" title="Freeman Williams">Freeman Williams</span>, and <span href="/wiki/Lionel_Simmons" title="Lionel Simmons">Lionel Simmons</span>.<br /> Ford played just 11 games for the <span href="/wiki/Philadelphia_76ers" title="Philadelphia 76ers">Philadelphia 76ers</span>, who <span href="/wiki/1993_NBA_Draft" title="1993 NBA Draft">drafted him in 1993</span> out of <span href="/wiki/Mississippi_Valley_State_University" title="Mississippi Valley State University">Mississippi Valley State University</span> (where he became the first player in <span href="/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association" title="National Collegiate Athletic Association">NCAA</span> history to average 25 points in four seasons), and the <span href="/wiki/Seattle_SuperSonics" title="Seattle SuperSonics">Seattle SuperSonics</span>. He played briefly in the <span href="/wiki/Continental_Basketball_Association" title="Continental Basketball Association">CBA</span> before going to Europe.<br /> Despite being diagnosed with <span href="/wiki/Leukemia" title="Leukemia">leukemia</span> in <span href="/wiki/1997" title="1997">1997</span>, Ford was the <span href="/wiki/Euroleague" title="Euroleague">Euroleague</span>'s top scorer over the previous two seasons with <span href="/wiki/Olympiacos" title="Olympiacos">Olympiacos</span>. He died less than two weeks after announcing his retirement due to his condition. He is survived by his wife, Paula, and sons Karlderek and Alphonso, Jr.<br /> In <span href="/wiki/2004" title="2004">2004</span> Euroleague named after him the <i>Alphonso Ford Top Scorer Trophy</i>. In <span href="/wiki/2005" title="2005">2005</span> the trophy was won <span href="http://www.euroleague.net/finalfour05/noticia.jsp?temporada=E04&jornada=23&id=791" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.euroleague.net/finalfour05/noticia.jsp?temporada=E04&jornada=23&id=791" rel="nofollow">[1]</span> for the first time ever by <span href="/wiki/Charles_Cornelius_Smith" title="Charles Cornelius Smith">Charles Smith</span>, the player who replaced Ford in his previous team, <span href="/wiki/Victoria_Libertas_Pesaro" title="Victoria Libertas Pesaro">Scavolini Pesaro</span>.<br /> <span name="External_links" id="External_links"></span><br /> allenwoowhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07230305915382288768noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2698456649659425471.post-36273527465881251442008-04-16T10:36:00.001-07:002008-04-16T10:36:21.201-07:00<img src="http://www.juliantrubin.com/bigten/bigtenimages/gutenbergpress.jpg" alt="Movable Type" align="left" style="padding:10px" /> <b></b><br /> <b>Movable Type</b> is a <span href="/wiki/Blog_software" title="Blog software">weblog publishing system</span> developed by <span href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</span>-based <span href="/wiki/Six_Apart" title="Six Apart">Six Apart</span>. It was publicly announced on <span href="/wiki/September_3" title="September 3">3 September</span> <span href="/wiki/2001" title="2001">2001</span>,<br /> Movable Type Enterprise version has become a standard corporate and enterprise blogging software because of advanced features such as LDAP management, enterprise database integration such as Oracle, MySQL, user roles, blog cloning and automated blog provisioning. It is also available as part of Intel's SuiteTwo professional software offering of Web 2.0 tools.<br /> Six Apart also maintains three other weblog publishing systems, <span href="/wiki/TypePad" title="TypePad">TypePad</span>, <span href="/wiki/LiveJournal" title="LiveJournal">LiveJournal</span> and <span href="/wiki/Vox_%28blogging_platform%29" title="Vox (blogging platform)">Vox</span>. While Movable Type is a system which needs to be installed on a user's own web server, TypePad is a hosted weblog service. LiveJournal is an entirely separate blogging system, acquired after Six Apart's buyout of <span href="/wiki/Danga_Interactive" title="Danga Interactive">Danga Interactive</span> in <span href="/wiki/January_2005" title="January 2005">January 2005</span>.<br /> Movable Type was originally named Serge after musician <span href="/wiki/Serge_Gainsbourg" title="Serge Gainsbourg">Serge Gainsbourg</span>.<br /> <span name="References" id="References"></span><br /> allenwoowhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07230305915382288768noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2698456649659425471.post-1308604424789171792008-04-15T08:58:00.001-07:002008-04-15T08:58:39.723-07:00<img src="http://www.powermonitors.com/~pmi/images/stories/PMIatMtCrawford.jpg" alt="Power quality" align="left" style="padding:10px" /> <b></b><br /> <b>Power quality</b> is a term used to describe <span href="/wiki/Electric_power" title="Electric power">electric power</span> that motivates an electrical load and the load's ability to function properly with that electric power. Without the proper power, an electrical device (or load) may malfunction, fail prematurely or not operate at all. There are many ways in which electric power can be of poor quality and many more causes of such poor quality power.<br /> The <span href="/wiki/Electric_power_industry" title="Electric power industry">electric power industry</span> is in the business of <span href="/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">electricity generation</span> (<span href="/wiki/AC_power" title="AC power">AC power</span>), <span href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">electric power transmission</span> and ultimately <span href="/wiki/Electricity_distribution" title="Electricity distribution">electricity distribution</span> to a point often located near the <span href="/wiki/Electricity_meter" title="Electricity meter">electricity meter</span> of the end user of the electric power. The electricity then moves through the distribution and wiring system of the end user until it reaches the load. The complexity of the system to move electric energy from the point of production to the point of consumption combined with variatons in weather, electricity demand and other factors provide many opportunities for the quality of power delivered to be compromised.<br /> While "power quality" is a convenient term for many, it is actually the <span href="/w/index.php?title=Quality_of_the_voltage&action=edit" class="new" title="Quality of the voltage">quality of the voltage</span>, rather than power or <span href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">electric current</span>, that is actual topic described by the term. Power is simply the flow of energy and the current demanded by a load is largely uncontrollable. Nevertheless the relationship between the concepts of "voltage quality" and <span href="/wiki/Energy_quality" title="Energy quality">energy quality</span> is unknown.<br /> <span name="Introduction" id="Introduction"></span><br /> <b> Introduction</b><br /> It is often useful to think of power quality as a <span href="/wiki/Compatibility" title="Compatibility">compatibility</span> problem: is the equipment connected to the grid compatible with the events on the grid, and is the power delivered by the grid, including the events, compatible with the equipment that is connected? Compatibility problems always have at least two solutions: in this case, either clean up the power, or make the equipment tougher.<br /> Ideally electric power would be supplied as a <span href="/wiki/Sine_wave" title="Sine wave">sine wave</span> with the amplitude and frequency given by national standards (in the case of <span href="/wiki/Mains_electricity" title="Mains electricity">mains</span>) or system specifications (in the case of a power feed not directly attached to the mains) with an <span href="/wiki/Electrical_impedance" title="Electrical impedance">impedance</span> of zero <span href="/wiki/Ohm" title="Ohm">ohms</span> at all <span href="/wiki/Frequencies" title="Frequencies">frequencies</span>.<br /> No real life power feed will ever meet this ideal. It can deviate from it in the following ways (among others):<br /> <span name="Power_conditioning" id="Power_conditioning"></span><br /> Variations in the <span href="/wiki/Amplitude" title="Amplitude">peak</span> or <span href="/wiki/Rms" title="Rms">RMS</span> voltage are both important to different types of equipment.<br /> When the RMS voltage exceeds the nominal voltage by 10 to 80% for 0.5 cycle to 1 minute, the event is called a "swell".<br /> A "dip" (in British English) or a "sag" (in American English - the two terms are equivalent) is the opposite situation: the RMS volage is below the nominal voltage by by 10 to 90% for 0.5 cycle to 1 minute.<br /> Random or repetitive variations in the <span href="/wiki/RMS" title="RMS">RMS</span> voltage between 90 and 110% of nominal can produce a phenomina known as "flicker" in lighting equipment. Flicker is the impression of unsteadiness of visual sensation induced by a light stimulus on the human eye. A precise definition of such voltage fluctuations that produce flickers have been subject to ongoing debate in more than one scientific community for many years.<br /> Abrupt, very brief increases in voltage, called "spikes", "impulses", or "surges", generally caused by large <span href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">inductive loads</span> being turned off, or more severely by <span href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">lightning</span>.<br /> "Undervoltage" occurs when the nominal voltage drops below 90% for more than 1 minute. The term "brownout" in common usage has no formal definition but is commonly used to describe a reduction in system voltage by the utility or system operator to decrease demand or to increase system operating margins.<br /> "Overvoltage" occurs when the nominal voltage rises above 110% for more than 1 minute.<br /> Variations in the <span href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</span><br /> Variations in the wave shape - usually described as <span href="/wiki/Harmonics" title="Harmonics">harmonics</span><br /> Nonzero low-frequency impedance (when a load draws more power, the voltage drops)<br /> Nonzero high-frequency impedance (when a load demands a large amount of current, then stops demanding it suddenly, there will be a <span href="/wiki/Dip" title="Dip">dip</span> or <span href="/wiki/Spike" title="Spike">spike</span> in the voltage due to the inductances in the power supply line) allenwoowhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07230305915382288768noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2698456649659425471.post-42233187541723763012008-04-14T10:19:00.001-07:002008-04-14T10:19:35.584-07:00<img src="http://www.britmovie.co.uk/studios/elstree/filmography/1960/1963/images/002a.jpg" alt="Syd Cain" align="right" style="padding:10px" /> <b></b><br /> <b>Syd Cain</b> is a <span href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</span> <span href="/wiki/Production_designer" title="Production designer">production designer</span> who has worked on more than 30 films, including four in the <span href="/wiki/James_Bond" title="James Bond">James Bond</span> series in the <span href="/wiki/1960s" title="1960s">1960s</span> and <span href="/wiki/1970s" title="1970s">1970s</span>. For <i><span href="/wiki/From_Russia_with_Love_%28film%29" title="From Russia with Love (film)">From Russia with Love</span></i>, he designed a $150,000 set for a chess match which repeated the "chess pawn" motive throughout the room.<br /> He survived a plane crash in Rhodesia during World War II, which broke his back, and also later survived being struck by lightning.<br /> <span name="Selected_filmography" id="Selected_filmography"></span><br /> allenwoowhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07230305915382288768noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2698456649659425471.post-70587365882991526062008-04-13T08:51:00.001-07:002008-04-13T08:51:20.789-07:00<img src="http://blog.shunya.net/photos/uncategorized/2007/12/11/humanismsymbol.png" alt="Abrahamic conceptions of God" align="left" style="padding:10px" /> <b></b><br /> <span href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</span>, <span href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</span>, <span href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</span> and the <span href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith" title="Bahá'í Faith">Bahá'í Faith</span> see <span href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</span> as a being who created the world and who rules over the universe. God is usually held to have the properties of holiness (separate from sin and incorruptible), justice (fair, right, and true in all His judgments), <span href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</span> (unthwartable in His will), omnipotence (all-powerful), omniscience (all-knowing), omni-benevolence (all-loving), omnipresence (present everywhere at the same time), and immortality (eternal and everlasting). He is also believed to be transcendent, meaning that He is outside space and outside time, and therefore eternal and unable to be changed by earthly forces or anything else within His creation.<br /> Jews, Christians, Muslims and Bahá'ís often conceive of God as a <span href="/wiki/Personal_God" title="Personal God">personal God</span>, with a will and personality. However, many <span href="/wiki/Rationalist" title="Rationalist">rationalist</span> philosophers felt that one should not view God as personal, and that such personal descriptions of God are only meant as metaphors, as it was widely viewed that God's transcendence meant that He could not act in the lives of ordinary people.<br /> In <span href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</span>, it remains essential that God be personal; hence it speaks of the three <i>persons</i> of the <span href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</span>. It also emphasizes that God has a will, and that God the Son has two wills, divine and human, though these are never in conflict. However, this point is disputed by Oriental Orthodox Christians, who hold that God the Son has only one will of unified divinity and humanity (see <span href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysitism</span>). The personhood of God and of all human people is essential to the concept of <span href="/wiki/Theosis" title="Theosis">theosis</span> or deification.<br /> In <span href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</span>, God the Father and God the Son are considered personal beings who have separate tangible exalted bodies and one purpose given that they are each omniscient, omnipotent, and omni-benevolent. LDS teachings include that God the Father is the literal father of the spirits of all of mankind, that He loves each of His children unconditionally, and that He desires that they progress in their own ability to love, to experience joy and <span href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">faith</span>, and to learn the truths that govern the universe. He is the center of LDS worship as the governing Supreme Being in the universe. The mainstream LDS teaching is that God the Father does much of His "work" through God the Son, who is Jesus Christ, and that this delegation and divine investiture of authority occurred during what is described as the <span href="/wiki/Pre-existence" title="Pre-existence">pre-existence</span> (pre-mortal life) when all the spirit children of God lived in His presence. It includes the belief that both God the Father and Jesus Christ were involved in the creation (from existing matter or energy) of this earth and other similar earths and many of the stars and planets in the known universe. It also includes the belief that the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob was the Jehovah of the Old Testament. This teaching is prevalent in the <span href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</span>. The LDS belief is that Abraham received revelation from Jehovah, including the Abrahamic covenant and the Abrahamic test to see if he was willing to sacrifice his son Isaac in similitude of the sacrifice God the Father would offer to mankind through the willing offering of His Beloved Son, Jesus Christ to carry out the infinite <span href="/wiki/Atonement" title="Atonement">atonement</span>. The belief includes Abraham's faith in the promise of resurrection for Isaac, as stated by the Apostle Paul in KJV Hebrews 11:17-19.<br /> <span name="See_also" id="See_also"></span><br /> allenwoowhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07230305915382288768noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2698456649659425471.post-12131355371771473972008-04-12T10:31:00.000-07:002008-11-13T00:18:52.371-08:00 <b></b><br /> <i>For other uses, see <span href="/wiki/Apayao_%28disambiguation%29" title="Apayao (disambiguation)">Apayao (disambiguation)</span>.</i><br /> <b>Apayao</b> is a landlocked <span href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Philippines" title="Provinces of the Philippines">province</span> of the <span href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</span> in the <span href="/wiki/Cordillera_Administrative_Region" title="Cordillera Administrative Region">Cordillera Administrative Region</span> in <span href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</span>. Its capital is <span href="/wiki/Kabugao%2C_Apayao" title="Kabugao, Apayao">Kabugao</span> and borders <span href="/wiki/Cagayan" title="Cagayan">Cagayan</span> to the north and east, <span href="/wiki/Abra_province" title="Abra province">Abra</span> and <span href="/wiki/Ilocos_Norte" title="Ilocos Norte">Ilocos Norte</span> to the west, and <span href="/wiki/Kalinga_Province" title="Kalinga Province">Kalinga</span> to the south. Prior to <span href="/wiki/1995" title="1995">1995</span>, Kalinga and Apayao used to be a single province named <i><span href="/wiki/Kalinga-Apayao" title="Kalinga-Apayao">Kalinga-Apayao</span></i>, until they were split into two to better service the needs of individual native tribes in the provinces.<br /> <span name="People_and_culture" id="People_and_culture"></span><br /> <b> People and culture</b><br /> <span name="Geography" id="Geography"></span><br /> <b> Economy</b><br /> <span name="Political" id="Political"></span><br /> <img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEji_nSF70V8UtsQnNMggHWKH3pxkJF4SCfPLqJFYO0VpP8fkQPEfBuSDuIt6rSDTUx-BwH7j4LQEmGKMy4u2mrw3DEsk2m4lTXTeb5SObXdV4_ep-XrlD_OZjYafVL71K1JIf3E5If_M3eB/s320/fnf_apayao.jpg" alt="Apayao" align="center" style="padding:10px" /> <b> Geography</b><br /> Apayao is subdivided into 7 <span href="/wiki/Philippine_municipality" title="Philippine municipality">municipalities</span>.<br /> <span name="Municipalities" id="Municipalities"></span><br /> <b> Physical</b><br /> Apayao was among the earliest areas penetrated by the Spaniards in the Cordilleras, but the region, inhabited by the <span href="/wiki/Isneg" title="Isneg">Isneg</span> tribe, remained largely outside Spanish control until late in the 1800s. As early as 1610, the Dominican friars established a mission in what is now the town of <span href="/wiki/Pudtol%2C_Apayao" title="Pudtol, Apayao">Pudtol</span>. In 1684, the friars again made vain attempts to convert the people and established a church in what is now <span href="/wiki/Kabugao%2C_Apayao" title="Kabugao, Apayao">Cabugao</span>. The ruins of the early churches in Pudtol and Cabugao still stand as mute testimony to the failed attempts to occupy Apayao.<br /> The Spanish authorities were then able to establish the <i>comandancia</i>s of Apayao and Cabugaoan in 1891, which covered the western and eastern portions of what is now Apayao. The <i>comandancia</i>s, however, failed to bring total control and the Spanish government only maintained a loose hold over the area.<br /> The Americans established the <span href="/wiki/Mountain_Province" title="Mountain Province">Mountain Province</span> on <span href="/wiki/August_13" title="August 13">August 13</span>, <span href="/wiki/1908" title="1908">1908</span>, with the enactment of <span href="/wiki/Republic_Acts_of_the_Philippines" title="Republic Acts of the Philippines">Act</span> No. 1876. Apayao, along with Amburayan, <span href="/wiki/Benguet" title="Benguet">Benguet</span>, Bontoc, <span href="/wiki/Ifugao" title="Ifugao">Ifugao</span>, <span href="/wiki/Kalinga_Province" title="Kalinga Province">Kalinga</span>, and Lepanto, became sub-provinces of this new province. Before this, Apayao had been a part of <span href="/wiki/Cagayan" title="Cagayan">Cagayan</span> province.<br /> After being a sub-province for almost 60 years, on June 18, 1966, the huge Mountain Province was split into four provinces with the enactment of <span href="/wiki/Republic_Acts_of_the_Philippines" title="Republic Acts of the Philippines">Republic Act</span> No. 4695. The four provinces were Benguet, Mountain Province, <span href="/wiki/Kalinga-Apayao" title="Kalinga-Apayao">Kalinga-Apayao</span> and Ifugao. Kalinga-Apayao became one of the provinces of the <span href="/wiki/Cagayan_Valley" title="Cagayan Valley">Cagayan Valley</span> region.<br /> On <span href="/wiki/July_15" title="July 15">July 15</span>, <span href="/wiki/1987" title="1987">1987</span>, the <span href="/wiki/Cordillera_Administrative_Region" title="Cordillera Administrative Region">Cordillera Administrative Region</span> was established and Kalinga-Apayao was made one of its provinces. Finally, on <span href="/wiki/February_14" title="February 14">February 14</span>, <span href="/wiki/1995" title="1995">1995</span>, Kalinga-Apayao was split into two distinct provinces with the passage of Republic Act No. 7878.<br /> It may be no coincidence that the outline of Apayao (and the former Kalinga-Apayao) resembles a bust of a man akin to former dictator <span href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</span> (looking toward his home province, <span href="/wiki/Ilocos_Norte" title="Ilocos Norte">Ilocos Norte</span>) whom they called as the "Great Profile" during the Marcos Era.<br /> <span name="External_links" id="External_links"></span><br /> allenwoowhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07230305915382288768noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2698456649659425471.post-50365333785991464472008-04-11T08:31:00.001-07:002008-04-11T08:31:10.044-07:00 <b></b><br /> <b>Boynton Beach</b> is a city in <span href="/wiki/Palm_Beach_County%2C_Florida" title="Palm Beach County, Florida">Palm Beach County</span>, <span href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</span>, <span href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</span>. The population was 60,389 at the <span href="/wiki/United_States_Census_2000" title="United States Census 2000">2000 census</span>. As of 2006, the city had a population of 67,071 according to the University of Florida, Bureau of Economic and Business Research.<br /> <span name="History" id="History"></span><br /> <img src="http://www.greatfloridahomes.com/floridalistings/boynton_beach_country_fair.jpg" alt="Boynton Beach, Florida" align="center" style="padding:10px" /> <b> History</b><br /> Boynton Beach is located at <span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><span href="http://tools.wikimedia.de/~magnus/geo/geohack.php?params=26_31_41_N_80_4_35_W_{{{9}}}" class="external text" title="http://tools.wikimedia.de/~magnus/geo/geohack.php?params=26_31_41_N_80_4_35_W_{{{9}}}" rel="nofollow"><span title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span style="white-space:nowrap">26°31′41″N,</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">80°4′35″W</span></span></span></span> (26.528099, -80.076363).<br /> According to the <span href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</span>, the city has a total area of 42.1 <span href="/wiki/Square_meter" title="Square meter">km²</span> (16.2 <span href="/wiki/Square_mile" title="Square mile">mi²</span>). 41.1 km² (15.9 mi²) of it is land and 1.0 km² (0.4 mi²) of it (2.28%) is water.<br /> <span name="Demographics" id="Demographics"></span><br /> <b> Demographics</b><br /> As of 2000, speakers of <span href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</span> accounted for 80.09% of all residents, while <span href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">French Creole</span> comprised of 7.51%, <span href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</span> was at 7.30%, <span href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</span> consisted of 1.02%, <span href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</span> at 0.97%, and <span href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</span> made up 0.87% of the population.<br /> <span name="Schools" id="Schools"></span><br /> <b> Languages</b><br /> Boynton Beach, like all of Palm Beach County, is served by the <span href="/wiki/School_District_of_Palm_Beach_County" title="School District of Palm Beach County">School District of Palm Beach County</span>. As of 2006, it was the 5th largest school district in Florida and the <span href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_school_districts_in_the_United_States_by_enrollment" title="List of the largest school districts in the United States by enrollment">14th largest</span> school district in the <span href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</span>.<br /> <b>Elementary Schools:</b><br /> <b>Middle Schools:</b><br /> <b>High Schools:</b><br /> <span name="Famous_Residents.2C_Past_and_Present" id="Famous_Residents.2C_Past_and_Present"></span><br /> Citrus Cove Elementary School<br /> Crosspointe Elementary School<br /> Crystal Lakes Elemetary School<br /> Forest Park Elementary @ Seacrest Holding School<br /> Freedom Shores Elementary School<br /> Galaxy Elementary School<br /> Hagen Road Elementary School<br /> Poinciana Elementary School<br /> Rolling Green Elementary School<br /> <span href="/wiki/Christa_McAuliffe" title="Christa McAuliffe">Christa McAuliffe</span> Middle School<br /> Congress Middle School - <span href="/wiki/Magnet_school" title="Magnet school">magnet school</span> for math, science and technology<br /> Odyssey Middle School<br /> Boynton Beach Community High School <img src="http://www.yaerd.org/images/hill_crest_preconstruction.jpg" alt="Boynton Beach, Florida" align="left" style="padding:10px" /> <b> Famous Residents, Past and Present</b><br /> Boynton Beach is home to the corporate headquarters of VitaCost, an online dietary supplement company: *<span href="http://www.vitacost.com/" class="external text" title="http://www.vitacost.com/" rel="nofollow">VitaCost</span>.<br /> <span name="References" id="References"></span><br /> allenwoowhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07230305915382288768noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2698456649659425471.post-14755212984895808512008-04-10T09:53:00.001-07:002008-04-10T09:53:55.723-07:00 <b> Commonwealth Realms</b><br /> <i>Her Majesty's Most Gracious Speech</i>, However, the Queen often undertakes visits and speaks to the devolved bodies in a less official capacity. So far, she has been present and has given an address at all openings of the <span href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Scottish Parliament</span>, usually speaking reflectively upon its accomplishments and wishing the institution well for its coming term rather than considering the plans of the Executive.<br /> <span name="Other_Realms" id="Other_Realms"></span><br /> <img src="http://www.cbc.ca/gfx/pix/jeanmichaelle_speech060404.jpg" alt="Speech from the Throne" align="left" style="padding:10px" /> <b> United Kingdom</b><br /> In the other <span href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Realms" title="Commonwealth Realms">Commonwealth Realms</span>, a similar speech to the British version is held in their respective legislatures. Generally, the Speech from the Throne will be read on Her Majesty's behalf by the relevant <span href="/wiki/Governor-General" title="Governor-General">Governor-General</span>, however if the <span href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Realm_monarchies_%28disambiguation%29" title="Commonwealth Realm monarchies (disambiguation)">Queen</span> is present in the country she will often give the address in person. Queen <span href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom">Elizabeth II</span> opened the <span href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Canadian Parliament</span> with the Speech from the Throne in 1957, and again during <span href="/wiki/Silver_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II">her Silver Jubilee</span> in 1977.<br /> <span href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</span> and <span href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</span>, <span href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federated</span> countries, also hold a Throne Speech in the state or provincial jurisdictions, used to outline local legislative plans. Typically these are performed by the respective state <span href="/wiki/Governors_of_the_Australian_states" title="Governors of the Australian states">Governors</span> or provincial <span href="/wiki/Lieutenant-Governor_%28Canada%29" title="Lieutenant-Governor (Canada)">Lieutenant Governor</span>, who represent the sovereign in that area. The <i><span href="/wiki/Constitution_Act%2C_1867" title="Constitution Act, 1867">Constitution Act, 1867</span></i> is written in such a way that the Queen does not form a part of the provincial parliaments, only the pertinent Lieutenant Governor does; thus, the Queen of Canada does not read the Throne Speech in any of her provincial legislatures. Elizabeth II did, however, address the <span href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Alberta" title="Legislative Assembly of Alberta">Legislative Assembly of Alberta</span> from the chamber's throne during her tour of the province in 2005.<br /> <span name="Other_countries" id="Other_countries"></span><br /> <b> Other countries</b><br /> <span name="References" id="References"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Royal_Christmas_Message" title="Royal Christmas Message">Royal Christmas Message</span> allenwoowhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07230305915382288768noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2698456649659425471.post-748946723378399582008-04-09T09:27:00.001-07:002008-04-09T09:27:13.290-07:00 <b> Line No 1</b><br /> An extension was built, the <b>Dudley Canal Line No 2</b>, to link the Dudley Canal, at <span href="/w/index.php?title=Park_Head_Junction&action=edit" class="new" title="Park Head Junction">Park Head Junction</span> (near <span href="/wiki/Netherton%2C_West_Midlands" title="Netherton, West Midlands">Netherton</span>)), via <span href="/wiki/Halesowen" title="Halesowen">Halesowen</span> and a tunnel at <span href="/wiki/Lapal" title="Lapal">Lapal</span>, to the <span href="/wiki/Worcester_and_Birmingham_Canal" title="Worcester and Birmingham Canal">Worcester and Birmingham Canal</span> at <span href="/wiki/Selly_Oak" title="Selly Oak">Selly Oak</span>, Birmingham, thereby bypassing the congested canals of central Birmingham.<br /> A loop around Bumble Hole was bypassed after the <span href="/wiki/Netherton_Tunnel_Branch_Canal" title="Netherton Tunnel Branch Canal">Netherton Tunnel Branch Canal</span> made a connection through the Netherton Tunnel at Windmill End Junction in 1858. The cut-off loop became the <span href="/wiki/Bumble_Hole_Branch_Canal" title="Bumble Hole Branch Canal">Bumble Hole Branch Canal</span> and Bushboil Arm after a collapse of the canal filled in part of the loop.<br /> <span href="/wiki/Lapal_Tunnel" title="Lapal Tunnel">Lapal Tunnel</span> collapsed in <span href="/wiki/1917" title="1917">1917</span> and the section from Lapal to Selly Oak is filled in. Part of the Lapal Tunnel was unearthed during the construction of the <span href="/wiki/M5_motorway" title="M5 motorway">M5 motorway</span> during the <span href="/wiki/1960s" title="1960s">1960s</span> and it was filled with concrete. The Lapal Canal Trust is working on the restoration of the lost canal.<br /> <span name="Two_Locks_Line" id="Two_Locks_Line"></span><br /> <img src="http://dudleycanaltrust.org.uk/plaque-trust.jpg" alt="Dudley Canal" align="left" style="padding:10px" /> <b> Two Locks Line</b><br /> <span name="References" id="References"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Canals_of_Great_Britain" title="Canals of Great Britain">Canals of Great Britain</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_canal_system" title="History of the British canal system">History of the British canal system</span> allenwoowhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07230305915382288768noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2698456649659425471.post-79840537858959029692008-04-08T09:59:00.001-07:002008-04-08T09:59:41.980-07:00<img src="http://www.baroquecds.com/378Large.jpg" alt="Anthem" align="left" style="padding:10px" /> <b></b><br /> An <b>anthem</b> is a composition to an English religious text sung in the context of an Anglican service. The term has evolved to mean a song of celebration, usually acting as a symbol for a certain group of people, as in the term "<span href="/wiki/National_anthem" title="National anthem">national anthem</span>". <i>See below for other uses.</i><br /> "anthem" is derived from the <span href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</span> αντιφωνα through the Saxon <i>antefn</i>, a word which originally had the same meaning as <span href="/wiki/Antiphony" title="Antiphony">antiphony</span>.<br /> It is now, however, generally restricted to a form of church music, particularly in the service of the <span href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</span>, in which it is appointed by the rubrics to follow the third collect at both morning and evening prayer. It is just as usuan ordinary <span href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymn</span> as an anthem, which may be a more elaborate composition than the congregational hymns. Several anthems are included in the <span href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_British_monarch" title="Coronation of the British monarch">English coronation service</span>. The words are selected from Holy Scripture or in some cases from the Liturgy, and the music is generally more elaborate and varied than that of psalm or hymn tunes. Though the anthem of the Church of England is analogous to the <span href="/wiki/Motet" title="Motet">motet</span> of the <span href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</span> and <span href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church" title="Lutheran Church">Lutheran Churches</span>, both being written for a trained choir and not for the congregation, it is as a musical form essentially English in its origin and development.<br /> The anthem developed as a replacement for the <span href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" title="Roman Catholic Church">Catholic</span> "votive antiphon" commonly sung as an appendix to the main office to the <span href="/wiki/Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Blessed Virgin Mary">Blessed Virgin Mary</span> or other saints. Though anthems were written in the Elizabethan period by <span href="/wiki/William_Byrd" title="William Byrd">Byrd</span>, <span href="/wiki/Thomas_Tallis" title="Thomas Tallis">Tallis</span> and others they are not mentioned in the <span href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</span> until <span href="/wiki/1662" title="1662">1662</span>, when the famous rubric "In quires and places where they sing here followeth the Anthem" first appears.<br /> Early anthems tended to be simple and <span href="/wiki/Homophony" title="Homophony">homophonic</span> in texture, in order that the words could be clearly heard. Late in the <span href="/wiki/Sixteenth_century" title="Sixteenth century">sixteenth century</span> the "verse anthem", in which passages for solo voices alternated with passages for full choir, began to evolve. This became the dominant form in the <span href="/wiki/English_Restoration" title="English Restoration">Restoration</span> period, when composers such as <span href="/wiki/Henry_Purcell" title="Henry Purcell">Henry Purcell</span> and <span href="/wiki/John_Blow" title="John Blow">John Blow</span> wrote elaborate examples for the <span href="/wiki/Chapel_Royal" title="Chapel Royal">Chapel Royal</span> with orchestral accompaniment. In the <span href="/wiki/Nineteenth_century" title="Nineteenth century">nineteenth century</span> <span href="/wiki/Samuel_Sebastian_Wesley" title="Samuel Sebastian Wesley">Samuel Sebastian Wesley</span> wrote anthems influenced by contemporary <span href="/wiki/Oratorio" title="Oratorio">oratorio</span> which could stretch to several <span href="/wiki/Movement_%28music%29" title="Movement (music)">movements</span> and last twenty minutes or longer. Later in the same century <span href="/wiki/Charles_Villiers_Stanford" title="Charles Villiers Stanford">Charles Villiers Stanford</span> composed examples which used symphonic techniques to produce a more concise and unified structure. Many anthems have been produced on this model since his time, generally by <span href="/wiki/Organ_%28music%29" title="Organ (music)">organists</span> rather than professional <span href="/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">composers</span> and often in a conservative style. Major composers have tended to compose anthems only in response to commissions and for special occasions; examples include <span href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Edward Elgar</span>'s <i>Great is the Lord</i> and <i>Give unto the Lord</i> (both with orchestral accompaniment), <span href="/wiki/Benjamin_Britten" title="Benjamin Britten">Benjamin Britten</span>'s <i>Rejoice in the Lamb</i> (a modern example of a multi-movement anthem and today heard mainly as a concert piece), and (on a much smaller scale) <span href="/wiki/Ralph_Vaughan_Williams" title="Ralph Vaughan Williams">Ralph Vaughan Williams</span>' <i>O taste and see</i>, written for the <span href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">coronation</span> of <span href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom">Queen Elizabeth II</span>. With the relaxation of the rule, in <span href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</span> at least, that anthems should be only in English, the repertoire has been greatly enhanced by the addition of many works from the Latin repertory.<br /> In common usage among Protestant churches in the U.S.A. the term "anthem" often refers to any short sacred choral work presented during the course of a worship service.<br /> Sometimes the word is used to describe legendary songs in different musical genres. For instance, the song <span href="/wiki/Free_Bird" title="Free Bird">Free Bird</span> by <span href="/wiki/Lynyrd_Skynyrd" title="Lynyrd Skynyrd">Lynyrd Skynyrd</span> is considered the quintesential rock and roll anthem.<br /> <span name="See_also" id="See_also"></span><br /> allenwoowhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07230305915382288768noreply@blogger.com0